{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166689964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","title":"Comprehensive Demographic Correction Improves Sensitivity and Reduces Bias in Cognitive Assessment","display_name":"Comprehensive Demographic Correction Improves Sensitivity and Reduces Bias in Cognitive Assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166689964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42428103","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13345392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/06/30/2026.06.27.26356750.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/06/30/2026.06.27.26356750.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059262138","display_name":"David L. Woods","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-3587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-3587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102685","display_name":"Neurobehavioral Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/018d33y89","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David L. Woods","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-3587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029970021","display_name":"Kathleen Hall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102685","display_name":"Neurobehavioral Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/018d33y89","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115754400","display_name":"Isabella Jaramillo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102685","display_name":"Neurobehavioral Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/018d33y89","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabella Jaramillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102603430","display_name":"Mike Blank","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102685","display_name":"Neurobehavioral Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/018d33y89","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Blank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083854070","display_name":"Kristin Geraci","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102685","display_name":"Neurobehavioral Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/018d33y89","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristi Geraci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074795615","display_name":"Peter Pebler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102685","display_name":"Neurobehavioral Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/018d33y89","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Pebler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024518875","display_name":"David Kevin Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-8054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-8054"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David K. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Davis Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Walnut Creek, CA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-8054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Davis Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Walnut Creek, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059262138"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102685"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.8920999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.8920999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14434","display_name":"Historical and Modern Theater Studies","score":0.0471000000834465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-correction","display_name":"demographic correction","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-assessment","display_name":"cognitive assessment","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mild-cognitive-impairment","display_name":"mild cognitive impairment","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-bias","display_name":"racial bias","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-ethnicity","display_name":"race and ethnicity","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-use","display_name":"computer use","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescription-drugs","display_name":"prescription drugs","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"sensitivity","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability-selection","display_name":"stability selection","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lasso","display_name":"LASSO","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment-classification","display_name":"cognitive impairment classification","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-dwelling-adults","display_name":"community-dwelling adults","score":0.7009999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117812244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141157","display_name":"Cognitive Assessment System","level":4,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620994","display_name":"Standard error","level":2,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536788834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002588","display_name":"Neuropsychological assessment","level":4,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138528620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2510752","display_name":"Explained variation","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776811091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3818443","display_name":"Neuropsychological test","level":4,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185711340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5347381","display_name":"Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6057870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141248","display_name":"Cognitive test","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/06/30/2026.06.27.26356750.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42428103","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42428103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13345392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42428103/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.27.26356750","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/06/30/2026.06.27.26356750.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6768278482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R44AG097322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166689964.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166689964.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963982541","https://openalex.org/W2028058169","https://openalex.org/W2080169155","https://openalex.org/W2107473211","https://openalex.org/W2116029803","https://openalex.org/W2120540825","https://openalex.org/W2128291848","https://openalex.org/W2144907160","https://openalex.org/W2161923363","https://openalex.org/W2167074924","https://openalex.org/W2169179511","https://openalex.org/W2171961611","https://openalex.org/W2201982772","https://openalex.org/W2562162676","https://openalex.org/W2889677374","https://openalex.org/W3182151341","https://openalex.org/W4251404648","https://openalex.org/W4309714580","https://openalex.org/W4390752727","https://openalex.org/W4396587126","https://openalex.org/W7129148172"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406050923","https://openalex.org/W1965767039","https://openalex.org/W4389329502","https://openalex.org/W2114629989","https://openalex.org/W2038180214","https://openalex.org/W4404402914","https://openalex.org/W4312105020","https://openalex.org/W3029498997","https://openalex.org/W4390065394","https://openalex.org/W7133225379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Scores":[2],"on":[3],"neuropsychological":[4],"assessments":[5],"are":[6,540,549],"typically":[7],"corrected":[8],"for":[9,298,356,431,449,559],"the":[10,51,82,99,192,195,270,286,308,315,425,439,453,473,553,557],"influences":[11],"of":[12,50,111,183,220,274,409,458,505,514],"age,":[13],"education,":[14],"and":[15,26,77,131,136,166,215,304,321,331,389,447,507,528],"gender":[16,371],"(AEG).":[17],"However,":[18],"other":[19,305],"demographic":[20,45,225,306,373,462,494],"factors,":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"crystallized":[24,547],"ability":[25],"race/ethnicity,":[27,67,381],"independently":[28],"affect":[29],"test":[30,416],"performance.":[31],"As":[32],"a":[33,57,70,172,181,352,405],"result,":[34],"standard":[35,83,366],"scores":[36,297,435,539],"systematically":[37],"over-":[38],"or":[39],"under-classify":[40],"impairment":[41,501],"in":[42,121,139,154,218,229,250,259,272,290,327,337,404,456,479,497,552,567],"patients":[43],"whose":[44],"profile":[46],"differs":[47],"from":[48,93,240,264,522,534],"that":[49,63,364,472],"reference":[52],"population.":[53],"Methods":[54],"We":[55,350],"developed":[56,90,351],"Comprehensive":[58,353],"(C-)":[59,354],"model":[60,88,152,339,355,394,441,455],"scoring":[61,151,357,554],"algorithm":[62],"added":[64],"vocabulary,":[65,379],"age\u00b2,":[66,380],"Latino":[68,382],"background,":[69,383],"coarse":[71],"socioeconomic":[72,384],"status":[73,385],"proxy,":[74],"computer":[75,387],"use,":[76,388],"daily":[78,390],"prescription":[79],"medications":[80],"to":[81,149,191,243,266,324,525,536,542],"AEG":[84,193,217,316,332,440,454,570],"predictor":[85],"pool.":[86],"The":[87,491,562],"was":[89,147,248,477],"using":[91],"data":[92],"1,914":[94,419],"community-dwelling":[95,420],"adults":[96,421],"assessed":[97,422],"with":[98,223,252,375,400,423,438,460,466,545,569],"California":[100,358],"Cognitive":[101,359],"Assessment":[102,360],"Battery":[103,361],"(CCAB;":[104],"Woods":[105],"et":[106],"al.,":[107],"2024).":[108],"For":[109],"each":[110],"118":[112],"individual":[113,221,415],"cognitive":[114,208,292,301,325,481,500,516],"measures,":[115],"stability-selection":[116,401],"LASSO":[117],"identified":[118,399],"robust":[119],"predictors":[120,185,377,397,413],"300":[122],"random":[123],"80/20":[124],"splits":[125],"retained":[126,180],"at":[127],"\u2265":[128],"80%":[129],"frequency":[130],"then":[132],"estimated":[133],"mean":[134,182,206,406],"coefficients":[135],"confidence":[137],"intervals":[138],"1,000":[140],"bootstrap":[141],"OLS":[142],"samples.":[143],"Cross-sample":[144,464],"frozen-coefficient":[145],"validation":[146,284,465],"used":[148,336,566],"evaluate":[150],"generalization":[153],"two":[155,467],"subgroups:":[156],"Group":[157,167],"1":[158],"(n":[159,169],"=":[160,170,202,211,278,443],"1,033,":[161],"older,":[162],"first":[163],"enrolled":[164],"cohort)":[165],"2":[168],"881,":[171],"recently":[173],"recruited":[174],"younger":[175],"cohort).":[176],"Results":[177],"Stability":[178],"selection":[179],"2.81":[184,410],"per":[186,414],"measure":[187],"(range":[188,411],"1-6).":[189],"Compared":[190],"model,":[194,317],"C-model":[196,271,309,407,426,492,538,563],"approximately":[197,427],"doubled":[198,428],"variance":[199,313,430,451],"explained":[200,429],"(r\u00b2":[201,442],"0.50":[203,444],"vs":[204,213,445],"0.25;":[205],"across":[207,487,511],"domains":[209],"r\u00b2":[210,288,475],"0.32":[212],"0.18)":[214],"outperformed":[216],"98.8%":[219,457],"measures":[222,275,459],"non-trivial":[224,461],"signal.":[226,463],"Racial":[227],"disparities":[228,496],"MCI":[230,256,509],"classification":[231,257,495],"(the":[232],"bottom-7th-percentile)":[233],"were":[234,398],"substantially":[235,311],"reduced:":[236],"Black-vs-White":[237,518],"ratios":[238,258,520,532],"fell":[239,263,521,533],"5.6":[241,523],"(AEG)":[242,372,524],"1.8":[244,526],"(C).":[245],"Conversely,":[246],"sensitivity":[247,323],"improved":[249],"individuals":[251],"elevated":[253],"premorbid":[254,300,515,546],"function:":[255],"low-vs-high":[260,529],"vocabulary":[261,530],"quartiles":[262],"11.3":[265,535],"2.1.":[267,537],"AIC":[268],"favored":[269],"88.1%":[273],"(mean":[276],"\u0394AIC":[277],"\u2212167),":[279],"ruling":[280],"out":[281],"overfitting.":[282],"Frozen-coefficient":[283],"preserved":[285,478],"C-model\u2019s":[287,474],"advantage":[289,476],"every":[291,480],"domain.":[293],"Conclusions":[294],"By":[295],"correcting":[296],"race,":[299],"functioning":[302],"(vocabulary),":[303],"predictors,":[307],"explains":[310],"more":[312,450],"than":[314,452],"reduces":[318],"racial":[319],"bias,":[320],"increases":[322,341,575],"decline":[326],"high-functioning":[328],"participants.":[329],"C":[330],"models":[333,574],"can":[334],"be":[335],"parallel:":[338],"concordance":[340,572],"diagnostic":[342,347,576,582],"confidence,":[343,577],"while":[344,578],"disagreement":[345,579],"carries":[346],"information.":[348,583],"Highlights":[349],"(CCAB)":[362],"tests":[363],"supplements":[365],"age":[367],"+":[368,370],"education":[369],"corrections":[374],"additional":[376,581],"including":[378],"(SES),":[386],"medications.":[391],"To":[392],"avoid":[393],"overfitting,":[395],"significant":[396],"LASSO,":[402],"resulting":[403],"retention":[408],"1-6)":[412],"score.":[417],"In":[418],"CCAB,":[424],"overall":[432],"performance":[433,531],"(OMNI)":[434],"when":[436],"compared":[437],"0.25),":[446],"accounted":[448],"demographically":[468],"distinct":[469],"cohorts":[470],"showed":[471],"domain":[482],"(\u0394r\u00b2":[483],"variation":[484],"<":[485],"\u00b10.020":[486],"fits),":[488],"supporting":[489],"generalizability.":[490],"reduced":[493],"classifying":[498],"mild":[499],"(MCI,":[502],"bottom":[503],"7%":[504],"participants)":[506],"normalized":[508],"detection":[510],"different":[512],"levels":[513],"reserve:":[517],"MCI-classification":[519],"(C),":[527],"orthogonal":[541],"vocabulary;":[543],"comparisons":[544],"intelligence":[548],"incorporated":[550],"directly":[551],"algorithm,":[555],"eliminating":[556],"need":[558],"post-hoc":[560],"comparisons.":[561],"is":[564],"best":[565],"parallel":[568],"scoring:":[571],"between":[573],"provides":[580]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}
