{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166681978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.29270","title":"Minority Sentinel: When to Overturn Majority Voting in Multi-Agent LLM Debates","display_name":"Minority Sentinel: When to Overturn Majority Voting in Multi-Agent LLM Debates","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166681978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.29270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2606.29270","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.29270","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29270","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139674973","display_name":"Chuan He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Chuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101881377","display_name":"Zebin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9730-3758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9730-3758","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2233-1349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Zebin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073832038","display_name":"Zhengyi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8094-0978","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8094-0978"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Zhengyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124419732","display_name":"Shaobo Qiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao, Shaobo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Euler AI Sydney , Australia","University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Euler AI Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139708210","display_name":"Mingchen Ju","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju, Mingchen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Euler AI Sydney , Australia","University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Euler AI Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139670274","display_name":"Jiate Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jiate","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139656649","display_name":"Dong Wen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen, Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139673596","display_name":"Guanfeng Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Guanfeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University Sydney , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University Sydney , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.26339998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.26339998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.09529999643564224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.09309999644756317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-debate","display_name":"multi-agent debate","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-voting","display_name":"majority voting","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condorcet-jury-theorem","display_name":"Condorcet jury theorem","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlated-errors","display_name":"correlated errors","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-reasoning","display_name":"LLM reasoning","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-classifier","display_name":"meta-classifier","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-as-a-judge","display_name":"LLM-as-a-judge","score":0.7350000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140940377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868720","display_name":"Condorcet method","level":4,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776119841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837675","display_name":"Jury","level":2,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129410224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291958","display_name":"Random assignment","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987028688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085","display_name":"African american","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777732099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214244","display_name":"Affirmative action","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2606.29270","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.29270","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.29270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.29270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.29270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2606.29270","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.29270","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.29270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166681978.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166681978.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794325560","https://openalex.org/W3210904070","https://openalex.org/W4414817263","https://openalex.org/W4416189552","https://openalex.org/W7128608923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215132816","https://openalex.org/W7166837933","https://openalex.org/W4416189552","https://openalex.org/W7220474152","https://openalex.org/W7166812241","https://openalex.org/W7163990981","https://openalex.org/W7214734896","https://openalex.org/W7160924702","https://openalex.org/W7163272606","https://openalex.org/W7077878260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-Agent":[0],"Debate":[1],"(MAD)":[2],"with":[3,123],"Majority":[4],"Voting":[5],"is":[6],"a":[7,48,81,90,95,104,117,146],"dominant":[8],"paradigm":[9],"for":[10,145],"improving":[11],"LLM":[12,59],"reasoning,":[13],"yet":[14],"its":[15],"effectiveness":[16],"rests":[17],"on":[18,61],"the":[19,40,74,77],"Condorcet":[20],"Jury":[21],"Theorem's":[22],"assumption":[23],"of":[24,121],"independent":[25],"errors.":[26],"Because":[27],"contemporary":[28],"LLMs":[29],"share":[30],"similar":[31],"pretraining":[32],"corpora,":[33],"their":[34],"errors":[35],"are":[36],"strongly":[37],"correlated,":[38],"causing":[39],"majority":[41,112],"to":[42,107,110,149],"systematically":[43],"suppress":[44],"correct":[45,78],"minority":[46,75],"opinions,":[47],"phenomenon":[49],"we":[50,64],"term":[51],"Minority":[52,88,114],"Truth.":[53],"Through":[54],"debates":[55],"among":[56],"three":[57],"heterogeneous":[58],"agents":[60],"six":[62,129],"benchmarks,":[63],"find":[65],"that":[66,93,138,169],"roughly":[67],"one":[68],"in":[69],"four":[70],"divergent":[71],"cases":[72],"has":[73],"holding":[76],"answer,":[79],"yielding":[80],"10-percentage-point":[82],"theoretical":[83],"recovery":[84,173],"margin.":[85],"We":[86],"propose":[87],"Sentinel,":[89],"lightweight":[91],"meta-classifier":[92],"extracts":[94],"multi-dimensional":[96],"debate":[97,100,139],"fingerprint":[98],"from":[99],"logs":[101,140],"and":[102,131],"trains":[103],"LightGBM":[105],"model":[106],"decide":[108],"when":[109],"overturn":[111],"voting.":[113],"Sentinel":[115],"achieves":[116],"stable":[118],"Flip":[119],"Precision":[120],"81.2%":[122],"positive":[124],"Net":[125,163],"Gain":[126,164],"across":[127],"all":[128,132],"datasets":[130],"20":[133],"random":[134],"seed":[135],"trials,":[136],"demonstrating":[137],"contain":[141],"sufficient":[142],"behavioral":[143],"signals":[144],"non-LLM":[147],"classifier":[148],"reliably":[150],"recover":[151],"suppressed":[152],"minorities":[153],"without":[154],"degrading":[155],"system":[156],"accuracy.":[157],"The":[158],"LLM-as-Judge":[159],"baseline":[160],"yields":[161],"negative":[162],"despite":[165],"higher":[166],"recall,":[167],"confirming":[168],"flip":[170],"safety,":[171],"not":[172],"volume,":[174],"determines":[175],"intervention":[176],"value.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}
