{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166558652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","title":"Unveiling origins of defect peaks in carbon materials by analyzing oxygen and non-hexagonal rings in isotropic pitch-based carbon fiber using Raman, infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations","display_name":"Unveiling origins of defect peaks in carbon materials by analyzing oxygen and non-hexagonal rings in isotropic pitch-based carbon fiber using Raman, infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166558652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26125866","display_name":"Journal of Materials Science","issn_l":"0022-2461","issn":["0022-2461","1573-4803"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Materials Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044415438","display_name":"Yasuhiro Yamada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-5148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-5148"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yasuhiro Yamada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-5148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157969429","display_name":"Masakazu Morimoto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800578655","display_name":"Osaka Gas (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/03s6cj295","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800578655"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masakazu Morimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800578655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073269210","display_name":"Takahiro Senda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4942-4862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4942-4862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Senda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kota Kondo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kota Kondo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101701172","display_name":"Satoshi Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-8626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-8626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111462394","display_name":"Shingo Kubo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107139324","display_name":"Kagoshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ss88z23","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107139324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405285898","display_name":"Center for Advanced Science Research and Promotion, Kagoshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmct743","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107139324","https://openalex.org/I4405285898"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shingo Kubo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Science Research and Promotion, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Science Research and Promotion, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107139324","https://openalex.org/I4405285898"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111363886","display_name":"Toshiaki SOGABE","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800578655","display_name":"Osaka Gas (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/03s6cj295","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800578655"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiaki Sogabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800578655"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044415438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":4.7522,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93046939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"32","first_page":"23750","last_page":"23797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11664","display_name":"Fiber-reinforced polymer composites","score":0.3953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11664","display_name":"Fiber-reinforced polymer composites","score":0.3953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13465","display_name":"Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies","score":0.2883000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10083","display_name":"Graphene research and applications","score":0.15449999272823334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-related-defects","display_name":"carbon defects","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sp3-carbon","display_name":"sp3 carbon","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-containing-functional-groups","display_name":"oxygen-containing functional groups","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclic-ethers","display_name":"cyclic ethers","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-temperature-carbonization","display_name":"high-temperature carbonization","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacancy-defects","display_name":"vacancy defects","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-defects","display_name":"edge defects","score":0.4909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175708663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899559","display_name":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.8025000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152365726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589","display_name":"Density functional theory","level":2,"score":0.7520999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7505000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.6881999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.6873000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41999313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328","display_name":"Molecular physics","level":1,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114221277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899743","display_name":"Vacancy defect","level":2,"score":0.43470001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540031477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629","display_name":"Oxygen","level":2,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86025842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358432","display_name":"Electronic structure","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207170983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2901852","display_name":"Compounds of carbon","level":3,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22693506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3075290","display_name":"Hybrid functional","level":3,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33893257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905243","display_name":"Electron spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147597530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472","display_name":"Computational chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128765274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663314","display_name":"Hexagonal crystal system","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26125866","display_name":"Journal of Materials Science","issn_l":"0022-2461","issn":["0022-2461","1573-4803"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Materials Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5151684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5151684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5151684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-026-12911-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26125866","display_name":"Journal of Materials Science","issn_l":"0022-2461","issn":["0022-2461","1573-4803"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Materials Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1115414061","https://openalex.org/W1416455690","https://openalex.org/W1560640234","https://openalex.org/W1594033807","https://openalex.org/W1964199554","https://openalex.org/W1967875045","https://openalex.org/W1969214770","https://openalex.org/W1969570940","https://openalex.org/W1969651796","https://openalex.org/W1970644796","https://openalex.org/W1972063824","https://openalex.org/W1976452436","https://openalex.org/W1980282438","https://openalex.org/W1983040095","https://openalex.org/W1985655069","https://openalex.org/W1985713246","https://openalex.org/W1987322321","https://openalex.org/W1988932847","https://openalex.org/W1998792408","https://openalex.org/W1999773779","https://openalex.org/W2000063187","https://openalex.org/W2002487156","https://openalex.org/W2006825656","https://openalex.org/W2009599474","https://openalex.org/W2013564458","https://openalex.org/W2019390079","https://openalex.org/W2023271753","https://openalex.org/W2024261075","https://openalex.org/W2027270207","https://openalex.org/W2027447425","https://openalex.org/W2028658109","https://openalex.org/W2032027336","https://openalex.org/W2035459826","https://openalex.org/W2036908078","https://openalex.org/W2038533471","https://openalex.org/W2038886395","https://openalex.org/W2039222012","https://openalex.org/W2041505491","https://openalex.org/W2042454875","https://openalex.org/W2044987894","https://openalex.org/W2046412723","https://openalex.org/W2047169538","https://openalex.org/W2053801480","https://openalex.org/W2058272047","https://openalex.org/W2058363175","https://openalex.org/W2061701726","https://openalex.org/W2062724817","https://openalex.org/W2064903819","https://openalex.org/W2066049963","https://openalex.org/W2071839008","https://openalex.org/W2074043564","https://openalex.org/W2074969949","https://openalex.org/W2076261864","https://openalex.org/W2078119700","https://openalex.org/W2079015516","https://openalex.org/W2080083364","https://openalex.org/W2080848352","https://openalex.org/W2081095924","https://openalex.org/W2081909513","https://openalex.org/W2083119878","https://openalex.org/W2084366872","https://openalex.org/W2085108118","https://openalex.org/W2085667771","https://openalex.org/W2088900967","https://openalex.org/W2093465224","https://openalex.org/W2108028943","https://openalex.org/W2108098890","https://openalex.org/W2112849956","https://openalex.org/W2116590770","https://openalex.org/W2118272690","https://openalex.org/W2119648600","https://openalex.org/W2122852396","https://openalex.org/W2126182980","https://openalex.org/W2127299066","https://openalex.org/W2134188586","https://openalex.org/W2135352946","https://openalex.org/W2143981217","https://openalex.org/W2147199374","https://openalex.org/W2147500367","https://openalex.org/W2151672380","https://openalex.org/W2154024048","https://openalex.org/W2155388609","https://openalex.org/W2202434811","https://openalex.org/W2235679284","https://openalex.org/W2291688091","https://openalex.org/W2298986477","https://openalex.org/W2312415266","https://openalex.org/W2319674298","https://openalex.org/W2409746137","https://openalex.org/W2467409422","https://openalex.org/W2494385102","https://openalex.org/W2519092076","https://openalex.org/W2529414638","https://openalex.org/W2546492896","https://openalex.org/W2733101172","https://openalex.org/W2756147834","https://openalex.org/W2800512737","https://openalex.org/W2886883713","https://openalex.org/W2895673800","https://openalex.org/W2897367993","https://openalex.org/W2904514641","https://openalex.org/W2907430036","https://openalex.org/W2922333334","https://openalex.org/W2928630271","https://openalex.org/W2939129665","https://openalex.org/W2948643730","https://openalex.org/W2970059402","https://openalex.org/W2979194047","https://openalex.org/W2987780557","https://openalex.org/W3007325236","https://openalex.org/W3011567098","https://openalex.org/W3024766108","https://openalex.org/W3027003671","https://openalex.org/W3029839973","https://openalex.org/W3088259875","https://openalex.org/W3092697894","https://openalex.org/W3108118780","https://openalex.org/W3122283396","https://openalex.org/W3128429173","https://openalex.org/W3135037084","https://openalex.org/W3156042779","https://openalex.org/W3172763226","https://openalex.org/W3173370885","https://openalex.org/W3180792874","https://openalex.org/W3182134922","https://openalex.org/W3186007968","https://openalex.org/W3197418463","https://openalex.org/W3202509757","https://openalex.org/W4205608278","https://openalex.org/W4225007649","https://openalex.org/W4226365148","https://openalex.org/W4230328597","https://openalex.org/W4233464120","https://openalex.org/W4248796532","https://openalex.org/W4281804738","https://openalex.org/W4283011047","https://openalex.org/W4283750504","https://openalex.org/W4293047693","https://openalex.org/W4297051622","https://openalex.org/W4310019793","https://openalex.org/W4311032267","https://openalex.org/W4312056316","https://openalex.org/W4313215793","https://openalex.org/W4319748376","https://openalex.org/W4320730509","https://openalex.org/W4321205968","https://openalex.org/W4362591127","https://openalex.org/W4362600776","https://openalex.org/W4372291945","https://openalex.org/W4378803159","https://openalex.org/W4379516324","https://openalex.org/W4381682736","https://openalex.org/W4384519893","https://openalex.org/W4390267697","https://openalex.org/W4391651801","https://openalex.org/W4392794359","https://openalex.org/W4393029707","https://openalex.org/W4394572056","https://openalex.org/W4396612179","https://openalex.org/W4396792106","https://openalex.org/W4402082535","https://openalex.org/W4405851228","https://openalex.org/W7131783128","https://openalex.org/W7133191998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407898826","https://openalex.org/W7145007900","https://openalex.org/W4402082535","https://openalex.org/W4286111336","https://openalex.org/W155575741","https://openalex.org/W2032027336","https://openalex.org/W7039938156","https://openalex.org/W2895673800","https://openalex.org/W2886883713","https://openalex.org/W2316172793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computational":[0],"spectroscopic":[1],"analyses":[2],"of":[3,16,31,77,80,93,122],"defects":[4,173],"in":[5,86,143,152,174],"carbon":[6,39,65,87,100,177],"materials":[7,66,88],"have":[8],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"conducted,":[11],"but":[12],"a":[13],"detailed":[14],"understanding":[15],"structures":[17],"containing":[18],"oxygen,":[19],"non-hexagonal":[20,157,199],"rings,":[21],"and":[22,45,49,159,188,198],"sp3C":[23,85],"remains":[24],"limited":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,62,148],"an":[28,60,114],"insufficient":[29],"number":[30],"calculated":[32],"models.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"work,":[36],"isotropic":[37,175],"pitch-based":[38,176],"fiber":[40,178],"was":[41,97,168],"analyzed":[42],"by":[43,103,156],"experimental":[44],"simulated":[46],"Raman,":[47],"infrared,":[48],"X-ray":[50],"photoelectron":[51],"spectroscopy":[52],"(XPS)":[53],"using":[54],"density":[55],"functional":[56,161],"theory":[57],"calculations":[58],"as":[59,99,164],"example":[61],"analyze":[63],"general":[64],"prepared":[67],"mainly":[68],"at":[69,89,107,125,139,180],"high":[70],"temperatures":[71],"(1473":[72],"K":[73,182],"or":[74,113,134,183],"higher).":[75],"One":[76],"the":[78,120,123,171],"origins":[79],"generally":[81],"reported":[82],"peaks":[83,138],"for":[84],"ca.":[90,126,140],"285":[91,127],"eV":[92,128],"C1s":[94],"XPS":[95],"spectra":[96,145],"unveiled":[98,147],"atoms":[101],"surrounded":[102],"three":[104],"rings":[105,154,158,200],"including":[106],"least":[108],"one":[109,111,193],"heptagon,":[110,202],"octagon,":[112],"even":[115],"larger":[116],"vacancy":[117],"defect,":[118],"if":[119],"origin":[121],"peak":[124],"is":[129],"not":[130],"charged-up":[131],"sp3C,":[132],"C\u2013N,":[133],"adventitious":[135],"carbon.":[136],"The":[137],"1500\u20131550":[141],"cm\u22121":[142],"Raman":[144],"were":[146,185],"originate":[149],"from":[150],"C=C":[151],"hexagonal":[153],"influenced":[155],"oxygen-containing":[160],"groups":[162],"such":[163],"cyclic":[165,196],"ether.":[166],"It":[167],"revealed":[169],"that":[170],"main":[172],"heated":[179],"1873":[181],"higher":[184],"edges":[186],"(one":[187],"two":[189],"adjacent":[190],"sp2C\u2013H":[191],"on":[192],"aromatic":[194],"ring),":[195],"ethers,":[197],"(pentagon,":[201],"and/or":[203],"octagon).":[204],"Graphical":[205],"abstract":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-06-30T00:00:00"}
