{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166545895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88","title":"The Impact of Trade Openness and Average Tariff Rates on Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis (1986\u20132025)","display_name":"The Impact of Trade Openness and Average Tariff Rates on Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis (1986\u20132025)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166545895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46654/pcte1b88","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88","pdf_url":"https://www.openjournals.ijaar.org/index.php/ajbed/article/download/2057/2114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218309","display_name":"African Journal of Business and Economic Development","issn_l":"2782-7658","issn":["2782-7658"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Business and Economic Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.openjournals.ijaar.org/index.php/ajbed/article/download/2057/2114","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138364527","display_name":"Amarachukwu Nelson Nwosu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nwosu, Amarachukwu Nelson Nwosu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080537993","display_name":"Joseph M. Ibbih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4502-9486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4502-9486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Ibbih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139592243","display_name":"Pius Atsiya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pius Atsiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nasarawa State University Keffi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"143","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-openness","display_name":"trade openness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heckscher-ohlin-model","display_name":"Heckscher-Ohlin model","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-diversification","display_name":"export diversification","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-policy","display_name":"trade policy","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.8039000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.6786999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.6567000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145162277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751675","display_name":"Cointegration","level":2,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35532855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435","display_name":"Free trade","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134024062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401229","display_name":"Error correction model","level":3,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140413371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564","display_name":"Commercial policy","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58823610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418","display_name":"Liberalization","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779685004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570293","display_name":"Terms of trade","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22674136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192796","display_name":"Balance of trade","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124953554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6217229","display_name":"Johansen test","level":4,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195561663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307899","display_name":"Unit root","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89715816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915763","display_name":"Variance decomposition of forecast errors","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506295513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729438","display_name":"Economic integration","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46654/pcte1b88","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88","pdf_url":"https://www.openjournals.ijaar.org/index.php/ajbed/article/download/2057/2114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218309","display_name":"African Journal of Business and Economic Development","issn_l":"2782-7658","issn":["2782-7658"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Business and Economic Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46654/pcte1b88","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46654/pcte1b88","pdf_url":"https://www.openjournals.ijaar.org/index.php/ajbed/article/download/2057/2114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218309","display_name":"African Journal of Business and Economic Development","issn_l":"2782-7658","issn":["2782-7658"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Business and Economic Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166545895.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166545895.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166571473","https://openalex.org/W7166506263","https://openalex.org/W7204751416","https://openalex.org/W7089416335","https://openalex.org/W3039844379","https://openalex.org/W4404331631","https://openalex.org/W7204782773","https://openalex.org/W4395703277","https://openalex.org/W4386191833","https://openalex.org/W4408549766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,26,50,68,92,151,196,216],"investigated":[2],"the":[3,25,30,45,67,77,100,150,155,215,218],"impact":[4],"of":[5,24,80,149,158,166,220],"trade":[6,34,173,199,222],"openness":[7,35,174],"and":[8,36,58,87,107,141,163,175,211,226],"average":[9,176],"tariff":[10,37,177],"rates":[11,178],"on":[12,70,154],"economic":[13,40,184,204],"growth":[14,41,185,205],"in":[15,42,186,231],"Nigeria":[16,43,81],"from":[17,56,76],"1986":[18],"to":[19,28,32,203],"2025.":[20],"The":[21,49,91,116,146,169,195],"main":[22],"objective":[23],"was":[27,152],"examine":[29],"extent":[31],"which":[33],"policies":[38],"influence":[39],"within":[44],"period":[46],"under":[47],"review.":[48],"covered":[51],"annual":[52],"time":[53],"series":[54],"data":[55,74],"1986\u20132025":[57],"adopted":[59,118],"an":[60],"ex":[61],"post":[62],"facto":[63],"research":[64],"design":[65],"because":[66],"relied":[69],"already":[71],"existing":[72],"macroeconomic":[73,210],"obtained":[75],"Central":[78],"Bank":[79],"Statistical":[82],"Bulletin,":[83],"World":[84],"Development":[85],"Indicators,":[86],"other":[88],"relevant":[89],"sources.":[90],"employed":[93],"Real":[94],"Gross":[95],"Domestic":[96],"Product":[97],"(RGDP)":[98],"as":[99,113],"dependent":[101],"variable,":[102],"while":[103],"Trade":[104,167],"Openness":[105],"(TROP)":[106],"Average":[108],"Tariff":[109],"Rates":[110],"(TARFS)":[111],"served":[112],"explanatory":[114],"variables.":[115],"methodology":[117],"included":[119],"descriptive":[120],"statistics,":[121],"Augmented":[122],"Dickey-Fuller":[123],"(ADF)":[124],"unit":[125],"root":[126],"test,":[127,130],"Johansen":[128],"cointegration":[129],"Vector":[131],"Error":[132],"Correction":[133],"Mechanism":[134],"(VECM),":[135],"impulse":[136],"response":[137],"analysis,":[138],"variance":[139],"decomposition,":[140],"Block":[142],"Exogeneity":[143],"Wald":[144],"Test.":[145],"theoretical":[147],"framework":[148],"anchored":[153],"Classical":[156],"Theory":[157,165],"International":[159],"Trade,":[160],"Heckscher\u2013Ohlin":[161],"Theory,":[162],"Krugman\u2019s":[164],"Liberalization.":[168],"findings":[170],"revealed":[171],"that":[172,198],"maintained":[179],"positive":[180],"long-run":[181],"relationships":[182],"with":[183],"Nigeria,":[187],"although":[188],"their":[189],"short-run":[190],"effects":[191],"were":[192],"statistically":[193],"weak.":[194],"concluded":[197],"liberalization":[200],"contributes":[201],"positively":[202],"when":[206],"supported":[207],"by":[208],"stable":[209,221],"institutional":[212],"policies.":[213],"Therefore,":[214],"recommended":[217],"implementation":[219],"policies,":[223],"export":[224],"diversification,":[225],"improved":[227],"domestic":[228],"productive":[229],"capacity":[230],"Nigeria.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-06-30T00:00:00"}