{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166530644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","title":"Particle production from inhomogeneities: the off-shell side of gravitational waves","display_name":"Particle production from inhomogeneities: the off-shell side of gravitational waves","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166530644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187585107","display_name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","issn_l":"1029-8479","issn":["1029-8479","1126-6708","1127-2236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006043545","display_name":"Michele Redi B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6747-832X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6747-832X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133295","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze","ror":"https://ror.org/02vv5y108","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210133295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Redi","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN Sezione di Firenze","University of Florence"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6747-832X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN Sezione di Firenze","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032311943","display_name":"Andrea Tesi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-4991","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-4991","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2574-4383"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133295","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze","ror":"https://ror.org/02vv5y108","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210133295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Tesi","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN Sezione di Firenze","University of Florence"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-4991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN Sezione di Firenze","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.5102999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.5102999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11090","display_name":"Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.46880000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-production","display_name":"particle production","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-waves","display_name":"gravitational waves","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-matter-production","display_name":"dark matter production","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeze-in","display_name":"freeze-in","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gravitational-wave-background","display_name":"stochastic gravitational wave background","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-order-phase-transition","display_name":"first-order phase transition","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-scattering","display_name":"gravitational scattering","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-universe","display_name":"early universe","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-sector","display_name":"dark sector","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tensor-perturbations","display_name":"tensor perturbations","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar-perturbations","display_name":"scalar perturbations","score":0.8500000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190330329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035","display_name":"Gravitational wave","level":2,"score":0.7231000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.5198000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180547424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656181","display_name":"Gravitational redshift","level":3,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147452769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452","display_name":"General relativity","level":2,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159249277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925","display_name":"Dark matter","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8466233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757269","display_name":"Metric tensor","level":3,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155281189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518150","display_name":"Tensor (intrinsic definition)","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781201033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5598005","display_name":"Gravitational wave background","level":3,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204382877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319686","display_name":"Speed of gravity","level":4,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14440778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550929","display_name":"Einstein tensor","level":4,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182877743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155939","display_name":"Primordial black hole","level":4,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151342819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62542","display_name":"Phase space","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14257148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558066","display_name":"Gravitational field","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71976986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30006","display_name":"Gravitational acceleration","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29310469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3175122","display_name":"Thermal equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187585107","display_name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","issn_l":"1029-8479","issn":["1029-8479","1126-6708","1127-2236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2606.28297","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.28297","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.28297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2026)097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187585107","display_name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","issn_l":"1029-8479","issn":["1029-8479","1126-6708","1127-2236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of High Energy Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166530644.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166530644.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1591305286","https://openalex.org/W1965170001","https://openalex.org/W2004246845","https://openalex.org/W2033292423","https://openalex.org/W2042237659","https://openalex.org/W2064448358","https://openalex.org/W2093212801","https://openalex.org/W2139289864","https://openalex.org/W2153686825","https://openalex.org/W2783256503","https://openalex.org/W2989698173","https://openalex.org/W3019234816","https://openalex.org/W3110208907","https://openalex.org/W3192099742","https://openalex.org/W4397048931","https://openalex.org/W4404693227","https://openalex.org/W4406039402","https://openalex.org/W4408388058","https://openalex.org/W4409479888","https://openalex.org/W4412991341","https://openalex.org/W7134248191","https://openalex.org/W7165800775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412991341","https://openalex.org/W6964820207","https://openalex.org/W2799161568","https://openalex.org/W2136049510","https://openalex.org/W3151462554","https://openalex.org/W7118166660","https://openalex.org/W2949828898","https://openalex.org/W4412764852","https://openalex.org/W7127437154","https://openalex.org/W2093890245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"bstract":[1],"We":[2,144],"continue":[3],"the":[4,13,31,36,51,59,62,71,88,96,99,125,131,146,154,173],"study":[5],"of":[6,35,54,98],"particle":[7,28,48,111],"production":[8,29,82,112,156],"from":[9,113,130,157],"gravitational":[10,84,101,120,128],"inhomogeneities":[11],"in":[12,58],"early":[14],"Universe.":[15],"Focusing":[16],"on":[17,20,70,108],"sources":[18],"active":[19],"sub-horizon":[21,109],"scales,":[22,110],"we":[23],"derive":[24],"general":[25],"expressions":[26],"relating":[27],"to":[30,92,95,119,127,139,148],"unequal-time":[32],"two-point":[33],"function":[34],"stress-energy":[37],"tensor":[38,43,60,160],"sourcing":[39],"scalar,":[40],"vector":[41],"and":[42,57,83,141,152,159],"metric":[44,115],"perturbations.":[45,161],"The":[46,162],"resulting":[47],"yield":[49],"probes":[50],"time-like":[52],"support":[53],"this":[55],"correlator,":[56],"case":[61],"same":[63],"object":[64],"controls":[65],"gravitational-wave":[66],"emission":[67],"when":[68,172],"evaluated":[69],"light-like":[72],"support.":[73],"This":[74,122],"establishes":[75],"a":[76],"phenomenological":[77],"link":[78],"between":[79],"dark":[80,89,169],"matter":[81,90],"wave":[85,102],"signals,":[86],"allowing":[87],"mass":[91],"be":[93],"related":[94],"amplitude":[97],"stochastic":[100],"background.":[103],"Our":[104],"results":[105],"show":[106],"that,":[107],"inhomogeneous":[114],"backgrounds":[116],"practically":[117],"reduces":[118],"scattering.":[121],"directly":[123],"connects":[124],"formalism":[126,147],"freeze-in":[129],"Standard":[132],"Model":[133],"thermal":[134],"bath,":[135],"while":[136],"extending":[137],"it":[138],"non-thermal":[140],"out-of-equilibrium":[142],"sources.":[143],"apply":[145],"first-order":[149],"phase":[150],"transitions":[151],"discuss":[153],"associated":[155],"scalar":[158],"mechanism":[163],"can":[164],"efficiently":[165],"populate":[166],"gravitationally":[167],"coupled":[168],"sectors,":[170],"especially":[171],"perturbations":[174],"are":[175],"generated":[176],"shortly":[177],"after":[178],"inflation.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-06-30T00:00:00"}