{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166409956","doi":null,"title":"T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis","display_name":"T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166409956"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:edb9ce48a4fa463da38cfed97ed932d4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/edb9ce48a4fa463da38cfed97ed932d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy, Vol Volume 15, Iss Issue 1, Pp 1-21 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071992090","display_name":"Simeon Ikechukwu Egba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-8869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-8869"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Egba SI","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048554518","display_name":"Gavin Chibundu Ikechukwu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-4517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-4517"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikechukwu GC","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139387135","display_name":"Chinenye Iheanyi Okereke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Okereke CI","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017133317","display_name":"Innocent Ogheneovo Orhonigbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1048-0359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1048-0359"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orhonigbe IO","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012426000","display_name":"Robert Ikechukwu Uroko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-3477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-3477"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uroko RI","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139497722","display_name":"Ugwu OPC","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ugwu OPC","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47972393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10469","display_name":"Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-helper-cells","display_name":"T helper cells","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-network","display_name":"cytokine network","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/th1-cells","display_name":"Th1 cells","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/th17-cells","display_name":"Th17 cells","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-follicular-helper-cells","display_name":"T follicular helper cells","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-t-cells","display_name":"regulatory T cells","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/th1-treg-balance","display_name":"Th1/Treg balance","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demyelination","display_name":"demyelination","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier-integrity","display_name":"blood-brain barrier integrity","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microglia","display_name":"microglia","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrocytes","display_name":"astrocytes","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligodendrocytes","display_name":"oligodendrocytes","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-plasticity","display_name":"T cell plasticity","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epitope-spreading","display_name":"epitope spreading","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrathecal-antibodies","display_name":"intrathecal antibodies","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-biomarkers","display_name":"cytokine biomarkers","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebrospinal-fluid-biomarkers","display_name":"cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-biomarkers","display_name":"serum biomarkers","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmunity","display_name":"autoimmunity","score":0.6119999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.4918000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T cell","level":3,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778486448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494066","display_name":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","level":3,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87753298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137","display_name":"Neuroinflammation","level":3,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51785407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2627568","display_name":"Effector","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780130043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192360","display_name":"Autoimmunity","level":3,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129374314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909381","display_name":"Interleukin 21","level":4,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167672396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417800","display_name":"CD8","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67662055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047791","display_name":"Antigen-presenting cell","level":4,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122","display_name":"Neurodegeneration","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79484868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5971673","display_name":"IL-2 receptor","level":4,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154317977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266","display_name":"Cytotoxic T cell","level":3,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195616568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128711","display_name":"Epitope","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120642132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14907110","display_name":"ZAP70","level":5,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39347974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21135811","display_name":"CD40","level":4,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7168713","display_name":"Peripheral tolerance","level":4,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193419808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075","display_name":"Acquired immune system","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:edb9ce48a4fa463da38cfed97ed932d4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/edb9ce48a4fa463da38cfed97ed932d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ImmunoTargets and Therapy, Vol Volume 15, Iss Issue 1, Pp 1-21 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Simeon":[0,49],"Ikechukwu":[1,13,50],"Egba,1,2":[2],"Gavin":[3],"Chibundu":[4],"Ikechukwu,2":[5],"Chinenye":[6],"Iheanyi":[7],"Okereke,2":[8],"Innocent":[9],"Ogheneovo":[10],"Orhonigbe,3":[11],"Robert":[12],"Uroko,2":[14],"Okechukwu":[15],"Paul":[16],"Chima":[17],"Ugwu1":[18],"1Department":[19],"of":[20,28,33,40,62,112,115,130,158,165,180,189,221,228,233,246,248,254,256,304,309,317,326],"Biochemistry,":[21,29,41],"Kampala":[22],"International":[23],"University,":[24,44],"Kampala,":[25],"Uganda;":[26],"2Department":[27],"Michael":[30],"Okpara":[31],"University":[32],"Agriculture,":[34],"Umudike,":[35],"Abia":[36],"State,":[37,47],"Nigeria;":[38],"3Department":[39],"Delta":[42,46],"State":[43],"Abraka,":[45],"NigeriaCorrespondence:":[48],"Egba,":[51],"Email":[52],"simeon.egba@kiu.ac.ugAbstract:":[53],"Multiple":[54],"sclerosis":[55],"(MS)":[56],"is":[57,241],"a":[58,81],"chronic":[59,205],"autoimmune":[60],"disorder":[61],"CNS":[63,98],"with":[64,353,377],"demyelination,":[65],"neurodegeneration":[66],"and":[67,76,87,97,102,125,151,153,182,192,211,232,251,268,274,285,288,296,311,320,328,342,373,389,394,400,404,415,426,437],"compartmentalized":[68],"inflammatory":[69],"disorder.":[70],"Excessive":[71],"T-helper":[72,116],"cell":[73,230,365],"(CD4+)":[74],"activation":[75,129,164,235,258,393],"unregulated":[77],"cytokine":[78,281,416],"signaling":[79],"play":[80],"key":[82],"role":[83],"in":[84,218,339],"its":[85],"onset":[86],"progression.":[88],"These":[89,299],"changes":[90],"impair":[91],"communication":[92],"between":[93],"peripheral":[94],"immune":[95,290,364,443],"cells":[96,117,122,139,161,167,172,267,270,399,431],"resident":[99],"microglia,":[100],"astrocytes":[101],"oligodendrocytes.":[103],"This":[104,184,240],"review":[105,277],"provides":[106],"an":[107],"overview":[108],"on":[109],"the":[110,137,144,178,187,219,226,244,252,280,324,361],"contribution":[111],"specific":[113],"subsets":[114],"to":[118,163,186,199,243,335,402],"MS":[119,341],"pathology/immunity.":[120],"Th1":[121],"release":[123],"interferon-\u03b3":[124],"lymphotoxin,":[126],"that":[127,142,271],"stimulate":[128],"myeloid":[131],"cells/antigen":[132],"presentation.":[133],"Activated":[134],"by":[135,259,434],"IL-23,":[136],"Th17":[138,372],"produce":[140],"IL-17A/F":[141],"lowers":[143],"blood\u2013brain":[145],"barrier":[146,355],"(BBB)":[147],"integrity,":[148],"recruit":[149],"neutrophils":[150],"monocytes,":[152],"enhance":[154],"microglial":[155,450],"killing.":[156],"Activation":[157],"CD4+":[159,330],"T":[160,169,266,367,429,448],"leads":[162,185],"B":[166,398],"via":[168],"follicular":[170],"helper":[171,368],"which":[173],"couple":[174],"these":[175],"processes":[176],"through":[177],"production":[179],"IL-21":[181],"CXCR5.":[183],"development":[188],"tissue-like":[190],"aggregates":[191],"intrathecal":[193],"antibody":[194],"production.":[195],"T-cell":[196,331],"plasticity":[197],"adds":[198],"epitope":[200],"spreading":[201],"as":[202,204,263,292,294],"well":[203,293],"inflammation,":[206],"IL-22,":[207],"IL-9,":[208],"IL-1\u03b2,":[209],"IL-6,":[210],"TGF-\u03b2":[212],"(these":[213],"are":[214,375,432],"additional":[215],"mediators":[216],"involved":[217],"regulation":[220,227,255],"effector":[222],"phenotypes).":[223],"In":[224],"MS,":[225],"dendritic":[229],"co-stimulation":[231,250],"glial":[234,257],"often":[236],"does":[237],"not":[238],"work.":[239],"due":[242],"lack":[245,253],"control":[247],"dendritic-cells":[249],"regulatory":[260,265,430],"pathways":[261],"such":[262],"FOXP3+":[264],"Tr1":[269],"secrete":[272],"IL-10":[273],"TGF-Beta.":[275],"The":[276,344],"also":[278],"explores":[279],"network":[282],"biomarkers,":[283],"CSF":[284],"serum":[286],"signatures":[287],"single-cell":[289],"states,":[291],"existing":[295],"new":[297],"drugs.":[298],"include":[300,409],"migration":[301,410],"blockade,":[302],"targeting":[303,308,318,418],"S1P-receptors,":[305],"anti-CD20":[306],"therapy,":[307],"Th17/GM-CSF":[310],"JAK\u2013STAT":[312],"pathways,":[313],"low-dose":[314],"IL-2,":[315],"approaches":[316],"antigens":[319],"engineered":[321],"Tregs.":[322],"Investigating":[323],"areas":[325],"stage":[327],"compartment-specific":[329],"circuits":[332],"can":[333],"help":[334],"advance":[336],"targeted":[337],"immunomodulation":[338],"progressive":[340],"neuro-repair.":[343],"diagram":[345],"illustrates":[346],"central":[347,456],"nervous":[348,457],"system":[349],"immunopathology.":[350],"It":[351],"begins":[352],"blood-brain":[354],"disruption,":[356,447],"where":[357],"pro-inflammatory":[358],"cytokines":[359,378],"weaken":[360],"barrier,":[362],"promoting":[363,442],"infiltration.":[366],"cells,":[369,449],"including":[370],"Th1,":[371],"Tm1,":[374],"shown":[376],"like":[379],"interferon":[380,419],"gamma,":[381,420],"tumor":[382],"necrosis":[383],"factor":[384,388,425,440],"alpha,":[385],"granulocyte-macrophage":[386,423],"colony-stimulating":[387,424],"interleukin":[390,421,427,435],"22.":[391],"Microglial":[392],"immune-mediated":[395],"damage":[396],"involve":[397],"lead":[401],"myelin":[403],"axonal":[405],"damage.":[406],"Therapeutic":[407],"strategies":[408],"blockade":[411,417],"using":[412],"integrin":[413],"antagonism":[414],"17,":[422],"6.":[428],"influenced":[433],"10":[436],"transforming":[438],"growth":[439],"beta,":[441],"regulation.CNS":[444],"immunopathology:":[445],"BBB":[446],"activation,":[451],"therapy":[452],"strategies.Keywords:":[453],"multiple":[454],"sclerosis,":[455],"system,":[458],"T-Lymphocytes,":[459],"helper-inducer,":[460],"cytokines,":[461],"neuroinflammatory":[462],"diseases,":[463],"autoimmunity":[464]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-07T00:00:00"}
