{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166375770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","title":"Valorization of brewery spent grain through pyrolysis: Production of thermally stable carbon-rich biochar","display_name":"Valorization of brewery spent grain through pyrolysis: Production of thermally stable carbon-rich biochar","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166375770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171918450","display_name":"Biomass and Bioenergy","issn_l":"0961-9534","issn":["0961-9534","1873-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomass and Bioenergy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137066779","display_name":"Gabriel de Oliveira Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3564-9854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3564-9854"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel de Oliveira Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3564-9854","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Renan Alves da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5252-3614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5252-3614"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renan Alves da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5252-3614","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082896791","display_name":"Luis A. Follegatti\u2013Romero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-833X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-833X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Alberto Follegatti-Romero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Separation and Purification Engineering (LaSPE), Department of Chemical Engineering (PQI), Polytechnic School (EP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-833X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Separation and Purification Engineering (LaSPE), Department of Chemical Engineering (PQI), Polytechnic School (EP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082896791","https://openalex.org/A5137066779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"],"apc_list":{"value":4270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4270},"apc_paid":{"value":4270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4270},"fwci":1.789,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87504855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"217","issue":null,"first_page":"110002","last_page":"110002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10016","display_name":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13465","display_name":"Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brewers-spent-grain","display_name":"brewer's spent grain","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar","display_name":"biochar","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrolysis","display_name":"pyrolysis","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lignocellulosic-biomass","display_name":"lignocellulosic biomass","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrolysis-temperature","display_name":"pyrolysis temperature","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size","display_name":"particle size","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-loading","display_name":"biomass loading","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residence-time","display_name":"residence time","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-containing-functional-groups","display_name":"oxygen-containing functional groups","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aromatic-carbon","display_name":"aromatic carbon","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-stability","display_name":"thermal stability","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bio-oil","display_name":"bio-oil","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activated-carbon-precursors","display_name":"activated carbon precursors","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agro-industrial-waste","display_name":"agro-industrial waste","score":0.925000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.9347000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.8277000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.718500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.6438000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154877778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630655","display_name":"Carbonization","level":3,"score":0.6287000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187530423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503","display_name":"Particle size","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778234585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508355","display_name":"Lignocellulosic biomass","level":3,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160892712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559","display_name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781052789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184817","display_name":"Lignin","level":2,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59061564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7783071","display_name":"Thermal stability","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60448018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054937","display_name":"Particle-size distribution","level":3,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17112743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247759","display_name":"Product distribution","level":3,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39699697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869095","display_name":"Brewing","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201931942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798012","display_name":"Amorphous carbon","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526406351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177463","display_name":"Charcoal","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537208039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627","display_name":"Nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294","display_name":"Cellulose","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171918450","display_name":"Biomass and Bioenergy","issn_l":"0961-9534","issn":["0961-9534","1873-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomass and Bioenergy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7010479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7010479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7010479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.110002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171918450","display_name":"Biomass and Bioenergy","issn_l":"0961-9534","issn":["0961-9534","1873-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomass and Bioenergy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":1.0,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.42408812046051025,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1779075903","display_name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Center for Biogas and Bioproducts Studies","funder_award_id":"24/01112-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1781317686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025/27579-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7077812555","display_name":"Green Solutions for Biogas Purification:  Synergistic Use of Ionic Liquids and Orange peel Biochar","funder_award_id":"25/11675-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7780307874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88887.244483/2026-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1875674843","https://openalex.org/W2031720269","https://openalex.org/W2032813423","https://openalex.org/W2043532693","https://openalex.org/W2155862872","https://openalex.org/W2178640296","https://openalex.org/W2336523504","https://openalex.org/W2409219597","https://openalex.org/W2735606764","https://openalex.org/W2753952281","https://openalex.org/W2789283494","https://openalex.org/W2801710386","https://openalex.org/W2803124757","https://openalex.org/W2887514966","https://openalex.org/W2889717103","https://openalex.org/W2915394753","https://openalex.org/W2920884259","https://openalex.org/W2949484330","https://openalex.org/W2969655219","https://openalex.org/W2978981907","https://openalex.org/W2999345934","https://openalex.org/W3002687554","https://openalex.org/W3004850069","https://openalex.org/W3008141305","https://openalex.org/W3010751059","https://openalex.org/W3107597821","https://openalex.org/W3111582279","https://openalex.org/W3144683855","https://openalex.org/W3216782101","https://openalex.org/W4200119825","https://openalex.org/W4200503711","https://openalex.org/W4210318279","https://openalex.org/W4220802326","https://openalex.org/W4289834471","https://openalex.org/W4294867770","https://openalex.org/W4311240437","https://openalex.org/W4312127922","https://openalex.org/W4324363218","https://openalex.org/W4388362185","https://openalex.org/W4390289357","https://openalex.org/W4390349529","https://openalex.org/W4392247276","https://openalex.org/W4399949869","https://openalex.org/W4401622126","https://openalex.org/W4404171495","https://openalex.org/W4404321468","https://openalex.org/W4404654877","https://openalex.org/W4409771191","https://openalex.org/W4409790469","https://openalex.org/W4413052510","https://openalex.org/W4414142717","https://openalex.org/W4414160291","https://openalex.org/W7140027005","https://openalex.org/W7160281305"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brewery":[0],"spent":[1],"grain":[2],"(BSG)":[3],"is":[4],"one":[5],"of":[6,26,35,42,52,129,146,153,184,240],"the":[7,14,24,33,40,94,130,151,176,182,238],"most":[8,95],"abundant":[9],"agro-industrial":[10],"residues":[11],"generated":[12],"by":[13,74],"brewing":[15],"industry":[16],"and":[17,58,64,82,90,101,121,139,150,221,243],"represents":[18],"a":[19,134,143,164,192,234],"promising":[20,235],"lignocellulosic":[21,131],"feedstock":[22],"for":[23,237],"production":[25,239],"value-added":[27],"carbonaceous":[28,186,246],"materials.":[29,247],"In":[30],"this":[31],"study,":[32],"effects":[34],"pyrolysis":[36,88,159],"operating":[37],"conditions":[38],"on":[39,61],"conversion":[41,128],"BSG":[43,213],"into":[44,133,218],"carbon-rich":[45,222],"biochar":[46,65,196,223],"were":[47,72,93],"systematically":[48],"investigated.":[49],"The":[50,69,84,104,226],"influence":[51],"temperature,":[53],"residence":[54],"time,":[55],"particle":[56,91,119],"size,":[57,120],"biomass":[59,124],"loading":[60],"product":[62],"yields":[63,200],"properties":[66],"was":[67,110],"evaluated.":[68],"resulting":[70],"materials":[71],"characterized":[73],"CHN":[75],"elemental":[76],"analysis,":[77],"FTIR,":[78],"Raman":[79,140],"spectroscopy,":[80],"XRD,":[81],"TGA.":[83],"results":[85],"demonstrated":[86],"that":[87,212,231],"temperature":[89],"size":[92],"influential":[96],"parameters":[97],"governing":[98],"carbon":[99,106,155,167],"enrichment":[100],"structural":[102],"evolution.":[103],"highest":[105],"content":[107],"(75.31":[108],"wt%)":[109],"obtained":[111],"at":[112],"700":[113],"\u00b0C,":[114],"120":[115],"min,":[116],"800":[117],"\u03bcm":[118],"8":[122],"g":[123],"loading,":[125],"indicating":[126],"effective":[127],"matrix":[132,168],"highly":[135],"carbonized":[136],"material.":[137],"FTIR":[138],"analyses":[141],"revealed":[142],"progressive":[144],"reduction":[145],"oxygen-containing":[147],"functional":[148],"groups":[149],"development":[152],"aromatic":[154],"structures":[156],"with":[157,181],"increasing":[158],"severity.":[160],"XRD":[161],"patterns":[162],"indicated":[163],"predominantly":[165],"amorphous":[166],"containing":[169],"residual":[170],"mineral":[171],"phases,":[172],"while":[173],"TGA":[174],"confirmed":[175],"enhanced":[177],"thermal":[178],"stability":[179],"associated":[180],"formation":[183],"condensed":[185],"structures.":[187],"Product":[188],"distribution":[189],"analysis":[190],"showed":[191],"strong":[193],"tendency":[194],"toward":[195],"formation,":[197],"whereas":[198],"bio-oil":[199],"remained":[201],"below":[202],"4":[203],"wt%":[204],"under":[205],"all":[206],"investigated":[207],"conditions.":[208],"These":[209],"findings":[210],"demonstrate":[211],"can":[214],"be":[215],"efficiently":[216],"converted":[217],"thermally":[219],"stable":[220],"through":[224],"pyrolysis.":[225],"optimized":[227],"material":[228],"exhibits":[229],"characteristics":[230],"make":[232],"it":[233],"precursor":[236],"activated":[241],"carbons":[242],"other":[244],"advanced":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2026-06-28T00:00:00"}
