{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166360660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","title":"The conditional Indirect Effect of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: The Moderator Role of Employees\u2019 Educational Level","display_name":"The conditional Indirect Effect of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: The Moderator Role of Employees\u2019 Educational Level","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166360660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","pdf_url":"https://ejol.aau.edu.et/index.php/ajold/article/download/13334/9388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051870","display_name":"African Journal of Leadership and Development","issn_l":"2519-5255","issn":["2519-5255","2957-9104"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","host_organization_name":"Addis Ababa University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Leadership and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7166360660"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ejol.aau.edu.et/index.php/ajold/article/download/13334/9388","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139482891","display_name":"Meseret Engida Tessema","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088351","display_name":"Ethiopian Civil Service University","ror":"https://ror.org/00409ce90","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088351"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meseret Engida Tessema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ethiopian Public service university, Department of Public Management"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethiopian Public service university, Department of Public Management","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139472931","display_name":"Tesfaye Debela Woddo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088351","display_name":"Ethiopian Civil Service University","ror":"https://ror.org/00409ce90","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088351"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tesfaye Debela Woddo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ethiopian Public Service University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethiopian Public Service University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088351"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004061112","display_name":"Deribe Assefa Aga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9629-1575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9629-1575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088351","display_name":"Ethiopian Civil Service University","ror":"https://ror.org/00409ce90","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088351"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deribe Assefa Aga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ethiopian Public Service University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethiopian Public Service University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088351"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088351"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"72","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14436","display_name":"Employee Performance and Leadership","score":0.513700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14436","display_name":"Employee Performance and Leadership","score":0.513700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14309","display_name":"Employee Performance and Management","score":0.365200012922287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.06019999831914902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-styles","display_name":"leadership styles","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-performance","display_name":"employee performance","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformational-leadership","display_name":"transformational leadership","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transactional-leadership","display_name":"transactional leadership","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laissez-faire-leadership","display_name":"laissez-faire leadership","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-service-motivation","display_name":"public service motivation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderated-mediation","display_name":"moderated mediation","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-employment","display_name":"public sector employees","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-administration","display_name":"public administration","score":0.7300000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38775462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569376","display_name":"Transformational leadership","level":2,"score":0.8792999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68489960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370659","display_name":"Transactional leadership","level":2,"score":0.8751999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.7332000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7159000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776661979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257614","display_name":"Public service motivation","level":3,"score":0.6916999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197386563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508686","display_name":"Leadership style","level":2,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24614281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17086331","display_name":"Moderated mediation","level":2,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780110086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161837","display_name":"Public service","level":2,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88251983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7489549","display_name":"Shared leadership","level":3,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67126808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912387","display_name":"Servant leadership","level":3,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107309635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484275","display_name":"Leadership","level":3,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45805842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5188165","display_name":"Cross-cultural leadership","level":5,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7225491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697537","display_name":"Leadership studies","level":3,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1925442","display_name":"Common-method variance","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","pdf_url":"https://ejol.aau.edu.et/index.php/ajold/article/download/13334/9388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051870","display_name":"African Journal of Leadership and Development","issn_l":"2519-5255","issn":["2519-5255","2957-9104"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","host_organization_name":"Addis Ababa University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Leadership and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60d296cf521e4f8384ceb0f4ebd02b3b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60d296cf521e4f8384ceb0f4ebd02b3b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Leadership and Development, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 72-100 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63990/2026ajoldvol11iss1pp72-100","pdf_url":"https://ejol.aau.edu.et/index.php/ajold/article/download/13334/9388","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051870","display_name":"African Journal of Leadership and Development","issn_l":"2519-5255","issn":["2519-5255","2957-9104"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","host_organization_name":"Addis Ababa University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Leadership and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5367000102996826}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166360660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166360660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W843704741","https://openalex.org/W1204404493","https://openalex.org/W1481783855","https://openalex.org/W1631883920","https://openalex.org/W2013897994","https://openalex.org/W2034167412","https://openalex.org/W2039151696","https://openalex.org/W2041204043","https://openalex.org/W2105846236","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2136730800","https://openalex.org/W2152157485","https://openalex.org/W2157558746","https://openalex.org/W2162023687","https://openalex.org/W2163544552","https://openalex.org/W2521490884","https://openalex.org/W2527889170","https://openalex.org/W2889697623","https://openalex.org/W2950750906","https://openalex.org/W2959909075","https://openalex.org/W3016249157","https://openalex.org/W3035582179","https://openalex.org/W3091027406","https://openalex.org/W3108812665","https://openalex.org/W3120261748","https://openalex.org/W3125386475","https://openalex.org/W3135835431","https://openalex.org/W3205566949","https://openalex.org/W3212326603","https://openalex.org/W4210542665","https://openalex.org/W4236935505","https://openalex.org/W4238216076","https://openalex.org/W4242592032","https://openalex.org/W4295784164","https://openalex.org/W4297998237","https://openalex.org/W4322753462","https://openalex.org/W4388608684","https://openalex.org/W4391850707","https://openalex.org/W4402400375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221199327","https://openalex.org/W4405843302","https://openalex.org/W2997634496","https://openalex.org/W7215949011","https://openalex.org/W7155167695","https://openalex.org/W7204639144","https://openalex.org/W7138903396","https://openalex.org/W4322753462","https://openalex.org/W7219713207","https://openalex.org/W7065968043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,133,150],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,28,66],"this":[3,33,126],"study":[4,34,151],"is":[5,128],"to":[6,153],"test":[7],"a":[8,64,83,92,142,166],"moderated":[9],"mediation":[10],"model":[11],"in":[12,69,72],"which":[13],"transformational,":[14],"transactional,":[15],"and":[16,46,61,91,106,114,155],"laissez-faire":[17,107],"leadership":[18,44,81,101,108,116,154,162],"styles":[19,45],"independently":[20],"predict":[21],"employee":[22,47,97],"performance":[23,48,118],"through":[24,119,165],"the":[25,40,76,124],"mediating":[26],"role":[27],"public":[29,50,70,88,120,156],"service":[30,51,89,121],"motivation.":[31,52],"Furthermore,":[32],"examines":[35],"whether":[36],"educational":[37],"level":[38],"moderates":[39],"indirect":[41],"relationship":[42,145],"between":[43],"via":[49],"Using":[53],"Partial":[54],"Least":[55],"Squares":[56],"Structural":[57],"Equation":[58],"Modeling":[59],"(PLS-SEM)":[60],"data":[62],"from":[63],"survey":[65],"employees":[67,137],"working":[68],"institutions":[71],"Ethiopia's":[73],"Oromia":[74],"region,":[75],"results":[77,172],"show":[78,135],"that":[79,136,161,174],"transformational":[80,113],"has":[82],"strong":[84],"positive":[85,104],"impact":[86],"on":[87,96],"motivation":[90,122],"significant":[93],"direct":[94],"effect":[95],"performance,":[98],"whereas":[99],"transactional":[100,115],"exhibits":[102],"smaller":[103],"effects":[105],"shows":[109],"negligible":[110],"influence.":[111],"While":[112],"enhance":[117],"across":[123],"workforce,":[125],"process":[127],"not":[129],"uniform":[130],"among":[131],"employees.":[132],"findings":[134],"with":[138],"bachelor's":[139],"degrees":[140],"have":[141],"stronger":[143],"motivational":[144,168],"than":[146],"their":[147],"postgraduate":[148],"counterparts.":[149],"contributes":[152],"administration":[157],"literature":[158],"by":[159],"demonstrating":[160],"effectiveness":[163],"functions":[164],"conditional":[167],"process.":[169],"Consequently,":[170],"these":[171],"suggest":[173],"organizations":[175],"must":[176],"move":[177],"beyond":[178],"\"one-size-fits-all\"":[179],"development":[180],"programs.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-06-28T00:00:00"}