{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166340515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.70821","title":"Cross\u2010Scale Design of Low\u2010Loading Ru\u2010Based Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis","display_name":"Cross\u2010Scale Design of Low\u2010Loading Ru\u2010Based Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166340515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.70821","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42363784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cssc.70821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.70821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.70821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193447295","display_name":"ChemSusChem","issn_l":"1864-5631","issn":["1864-5631","1864-564X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ChemSusChem","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038405430","display_name":"Xuze Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuze Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069126794","display_name":"Xiangbowen Du","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangbowen Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091275109","display_name":"Menghui Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-5121","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-5121"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menghui Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139465509","display_name":"Shuai Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139486432","display_name":"Chenbin Mo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0698-492X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0698-492X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenbin Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0698-492X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiarui Han","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiarui Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424369","display_name":"Yong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-5757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-5757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-5757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29024333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"13","first_page":"e70821","last_page":"e70821"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10192","display_name":"Catalytic Processes in Materials Science","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-evolution-reaction","display_name":"oxygen evolution reaction","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-water-electrolysis","display_name":"proton exchange membrane water electrolysis","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ruthenium-catalysts","display_name":"ruthenium catalysts","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catalyst-stability","display_name":"catalyst stability","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-stability-trade-off","display_name":"activity-stability trade-off","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-atom-catalysts","display_name":"single-atom catalysts","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordination-engineering","display_name":"coordination engineering","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-support-interaction","display_name":"metal-support interaction","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterostructures","display_name":"heterostructures","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-confinement","display_name":"interfacial confinement","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-solutions","display_name":"solid solutions","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doping","display_name":"doping","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-oxygen-loss","display_name":"lattice oxygen loss","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-electrode-assembly","display_name":"membrane electrode assembly","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-transfer","display_name":"mass transfer","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-hydrogen-production","display_name":"green hydrogen production","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anode-catalysts","display_name":"anode catalysts","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135473242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4147614","display_name":"Oxygen evolution","level":4,"score":0.8104000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.7192999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48256821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903456","display_name":"Electrolysis of water","level":5,"score":0.7016000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35590869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697332","display_name":"Water splitting","level":4,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33989665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357962","display_name":"Electrocatalyst","level":4,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202189072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929999","display_name":"Hydrogen production","level":3,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88380143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416674","display_name":"Dissolution","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163127949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64403","display_name":"Electrolysis","level":4,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53105671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14777816","display_name":"Rational design","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992012372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412272","display_name":"Proton transport","level":3,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100729193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105319","display_name":"Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis","level":5,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540031477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629","display_name":"Oxygen","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128355301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6964001","display_name":"Nanocages","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89395315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181232","display_name":"Anode","level":3,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502130503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089","display_name":"Palladium","level":3,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993864201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873","display_name":"Oxygen transport","level":3,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105768512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7458208","display_name":"Reaction intermediate","level":3,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175583648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903156","display_name":"Heterogeneous catalysis","level":3,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777498215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910291","display_name":"Polyoxometalate","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44578547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907567","display_name":"Heterolysis","level":3,"score":0.26249998807907104}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/cssc.70821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.70821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.70821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193447295","display_name":"ChemSusChem","issn_l":"1864-5631","issn":["1864-5631","1864-564X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ChemSusChem","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42363784","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42363784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ChemSusChem","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8485000133514404,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4433879852294922,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8316974453","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22325204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":158,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2179840515","https://openalex.org/W2768049597","https://openalex.org/W2787901841","https://openalex.org/W2791064777","https://openalex.org/W2802791016","https://openalex.org/W2894888152","https://openalex.org/W2903072898","https://openalex.org/W2915281282","https://openalex.org/W2922366141","https://openalex.org/W2945681326","https://openalex.org/W2979885298","https://openalex.org/W2981608441","https://openalex.org/W2985887178","https://openalex.org/W2993399759","https://openalex.org/W3006721452","https://openalex.org/W3013344484","https://openalex.org/W3093875031","https://openalex.org/W3100410888","https://openalex.org/W3113326405","https://openalex.org/W3168580176","https://openalex.org/W3193986846","https://openalex.org/W3203136187","https://openalex.org/W3211757680","https://openalex.org/W4200123199","https://openalex.org/W4205818841","https://openalex.org/W4206385451","https://openalex.org/W4210763633","https://openalex.org/W4220787432","https://openalex.org/W4224447374","https://openalex.org/W4281296252","https://openalex.org/W4281742264","https://openalex.org/W4281780398","https://openalex.org/W4283766298","https://openalex.org/W4295900394","https://openalex.org/W4306690312","https://openalex.org/W4311500352","https://openalex.org/W4313303935","https://openalex.org/W4353046649","https://openalex.org/W4361011390","https://openalex.org/W4362640785","https://openalex.org/W4362656988","https://openalex.org/W4362692289","https://openalex.org/W4385230669","https://openalex.org/W4385264780","https://openalex.org/W4385619290","https://openalex.org/W4386138022","https://openalex.org/W4386766553","https://openalex.org/W4386858645","https://openalex.org/W4387871884","https://openalex.org/W4387949808","https://openalex.org/W4388914637","https://openalex.org/W4389297544","https://openalex.org/W4391483783","https://openalex.org/W4392984079","https://openalex.org/W4393850997","https://openalex.org/W4394691855","https://openalex.org/W4395452770","https://openalex.org/W4396583076","https://openalex.org/W4396592376","https://openalex.org/W4396759836","https://openalex.org/W4398770378","https://openalex.org/W4399305702","https://openalex.org/W4399428914","https://openalex.org/W4399539823","https://openalex.org/W4399559227","https://openalex.org/W4399848834","https://openalex.org/W4400279549","https://openalex.org/W4400594420","https://openalex.org/W4400664556","https://openalex.org/W4400869196","https://openalex.org/W4401392192","https://openalex.org/W4401565261","https://openalex.org/W4401653631","https://openalex.org/W4401728758","https://openalex.org/W4401929397","https://openalex.org/W4402287090","https://openalex.org/W4402369856","https://openalex.org/W4402486933","https://openalex.org/W4402507206","https://openalex.org/W4402580280","https://openalex.org/W4402664842","https://openalex.org/W4402851866","https://openalex.org/W4403042989","https://openalex.org/W4403218349","https://openalex.org/W4403290172","https://openalex.org/W4403302755","https://openalex.org/W4403966945","https://openalex.org/W4404020591","https://openalex.org/W4404283049","https://openalex.org/W4404283747","https://openalex.org/W4404506748","https://openalex.org/W4404628614","https://openalex.org/W4404690511","https://openalex.org/W4404883582","https://openalex.org/W4405200807","https://openalex.org/W4405757224","https://openalex.org/W4405775903","https://openalex.org/W4405783804","https://openalex.org/W4405815471","https://openalex.org/W4406025291","https://openalex.org/W4406114335","https://openalex.org/W4406255437","https://openalex.org/W4406700139","https://openalex.org/W4406773897","https://openalex.org/W4407279164","https://openalex.org/W4407445301","https://openalex.org/W4407447955","https://openalex.org/W4407633667","https://openalex.org/W4407892266","https://openalex.org/W4407922460","https://openalex.org/W4407940375","https://openalex.org/W4408065754","https://openalex.org/W4408162138","https://openalex.org/W4408377560","https://openalex.org/W4408406194","https://openalex.org/W4408418086","https://openalex.org/W4408420239","https://openalex.org/W4408543287","https://openalex.org/W4408587336","https://openalex.org/W4408634487","https://openalex.org/W4408771865","https://openalex.org/W4408934016","https://openalex.org/W4409074045","https://openalex.org/W4409173663","https://openalex.org/W4409196159","https://openalex.org/W4409223476","https://openalex.org/W4409249003","https://openalex.org/W4409406361","https://openalex.org/W4409489681","https://openalex.org/W4409620990","https://openalex.org/W4409871169","https://openalex.org/W4410145721","https://openalex.org/W4410326495","https://openalex.org/W4410359425","https://openalex.org/W4410414056","https://openalex.org/W4410462343","https://openalex.org/W4410707095","https://openalex.org/W4411361278","https://openalex.org/W4411476441","https://openalex.org/W4412452735","https://openalex.org/W4412580666","https://openalex.org/W4412675853","https://openalex.org/W4412965188","https://openalex.org/W4413312980","https://openalex.org/W4414056250","https://openalex.org/W4414169167","https://openalex.org/W4414213864","https://openalex.org/W4414301343","https://openalex.org/W4414810760","https://openalex.org/W4415272613","https://openalex.org/W4415431051","https://openalex.org/W4416162033","https://openalex.org/W4416774971","https://openalex.org/W7081909580","https://openalex.org/W7083304549","https://openalex.org/W7118365864","https://openalex.org/W7119111873","https://openalex.org/W7127373802"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proton":[0],"exchange":[1],"membrane":[2,159],"water":[3],"electrolysis":[4],"(PEMWE)":[5],"is":[6,21],"a":[7,81],"promising":[8],"route":[9],"for":[10,85,123,133,193],"green":[11],"hydrogen":[12],"production,":[13],"but":[14],"the":[15,34,42,99,158,174],"acidic":[16],"oxygen":[17,141],"evolution":[18],"reaction":[19],"(OER)":[20],"constrained":[22],"by":[23],"catalyst":[24,150,191],"instability":[25],"and":[26,39,70,98,116,127,136,143,171,188],"high":[27,62],"noble\u2010metal":[28],"demand.":[29],"Although":[30],"Ir\u2010based":[31],"oxides":[32],"remain":[33],"benchmark":[35],"catalysts,":[36,46],"their":[37],"scarcity":[38],"cost":[40],"motivate":[41],"exploration":[43],"of":[44],"Ru\u2010based":[45,89],"which":[47],"exhibit":[48],"higher":[49],"intrinsic":[50,100,163],"activity":[51,164],"at":[52,157],"lower":[53],"cost.":[54],"However,":[55],"Ru":[56,95],"suffers":[57],"from":[58],"rapid":[59],"deactivation":[60],"under":[61],"anodic":[63],"potentials":[64],"due":[65],"to":[66,74],"overoxidation,":[67],"lattice":[68,140],"reconstruction,":[69],"oxidative":[71],"dissolution,":[72],"leading":[73],"irreversible":[75],"active\u2010site":[76],"loss.":[77],"This":[78],"review":[79],"proposes":[80],"cross\u2010scale":[82],"design":[83,129],"framework":[84],"developing":[86],"low\u2010loading,":[87],"acid\u2010stable":[88],"OER":[90],"catalysts.":[91],"We":[92],"first":[93],"analyze":[94],"dissolution":[96],"pathways":[97],"activity\u2013stability":[101],"trade\u2010off,":[102],"then":[103],"summarize":[104],"stabilization":[105],"strategies":[106,138],"across":[107],"different":[108],"structural":[109,131],"scales.":[110],"For":[111],"single":[112],"atoms,":[113],"coordination":[114],"engineering":[115],"strong":[117],"metal\u2013support":[118],"interactions":[119],"stabilize":[120],"isolated":[121],"sites;":[122],"clusters,":[124],"interfacial":[125],"confinement":[126],"heterostructure":[128],"mitigate":[130],"degradation;":[132],"nanoparticles,":[134],"doping":[135],"solid\u2010solution":[137],"suppress":[139],"loss":[142],"inhibit":[144],"RuO":[145],"2":[146],"dissolution.":[147],"Beyond":[148],"nanoscale":[149],"design,":[151],"practical":[152],"PEMWE":[153,196],"systems":[154],"require":[155],"optimization":[156],"electrode":[160],"scale,":[161],"where":[162],"must":[165],"be":[166],"integrated":[167],"with":[168],"mass":[169],"transport":[170],"diffusion":[172],"within":[173],"three\u2010phase":[175],"interface.":[176],"Finally,":[177],"future":[178],"directions":[179],"are":[180],"highlighted,":[181],"including":[182],"high\u2010current\u2010density":[183],"kinetics,":[184],"multiscale":[185],"catalyst/electrode":[186],"integration,":[187],"artificial":[189],"intelligence\u2010assisted":[190],"screening":[192],"durable":[194],"low\u2010Ru":[195],"anodes.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-06-28T00:00:00"}
