{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166312584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.25.00559","title":"Ethical and social implications of smart contracts in construction: comparison with Joint Contracts Tribunal procedures","display_name":"Ethical and social implications of smart contracts in construction: comparison with Joint Contracts Tribunal procedures","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166312584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.25.00559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1680/jcien.25.00559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.25.00559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.25.00559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230910","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0965-089X","issn":["0965-089X","1751-7672"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311678","host_organization_name":"ICE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311678"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ICE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139488963","display_name":"Navaneath Narendra Vasudeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-8418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-8418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","display_name":"University of Salford","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navaneath Narendra Vasudeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salford School of Science, Engineering & Environment, , Manchester,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-8418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salford School of Science, Engineering & Environment, , Manchester,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137674533","display_name":"Paul Tracey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","display_name":"University of Salford","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Tracey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salford , Manchester,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salford , Manchester,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97668471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"179","issue":"5","first_page":"74","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5619999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5619999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.32179999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.07810000330209732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-contracts","display_name":"construction contracts","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contractual-governance","display_name":"contractual governance","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-judgment","display_name":"professional judgment","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-information-modeling","display_name":"building information modeling","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-certainty","display_name":"legal certainty","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-trust","display_name":"relational trust","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-automation","display_name":"construction automation","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412224","display_name":"Tribunal","level":2,"score":0.5332000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71008984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076","display_name":"Rigour","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131676636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282696","display_name":"Dispute resolution","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37323507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q896358","display_name":"Unconscionability","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776665811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452421","display_name":"Collective bargaining","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1680/jcien.25.00559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.25.00559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jcien.25.00559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230910","display_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0965-089X","issn":["0965-089X","1751-7672"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311678","host_organization_name":"ICE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311678"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ICE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2325822902","https://openalex.org/W2572396395","https://openalex.org/W2740576028","https://openalex.org/W2786029099","https://openalex.org/W2911674524","https://openalex.org/W2921359895","https://openalex.org/W2964866859","https://openalex.org/W4239366590","https://openalex.org/W4256421150","https://openalex.org/W4291172319","https://openalex.org/W4320496187","https://openalex.org/W4400197090"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,127],"ethical":[1],"and":[2,52,67,89,95,115,136,152,170],"social":[3],"implications":[4],"of":[5,29,55],"smart":[6],"contracts":[7],"(SC)":[8],"in":[9,71,103],"the":[10,23,53,59,83,153,178],"construction":[11,142],"industry":[12,134],"are":[13],"examined,":[14],"with":[15,22,43,172],"a":[16,33,72],"particular":[17],"focus":[18],"on":[19,48,130,166],"their":[20],"interaction":[21],"Joint":[24],"Contracts":[25],"Tribunal":[26],"(JCT)":[27],"suite":[28],"standard":[30],"forms.":[31],"Using":[32],"qualitative,":[34],"narrative":[35],"literature":[36],"review,":[37],"this":[38],"article":[39],"compares":[40],"blockchain-enabled":[41],"automation":[42,123],"established":[44],"contractual":[45],"mechanisms,":[46,111],"concentrating":[47],"payment":[49,68],"processes,":[50],"governance":[51],"role":[54],"professional":[56],"judgement.":[57],"Although":[58],"findings":[60],"suggest":[61],"that":[62],"SC":[63,105],"can":[64],"enhance":[65],"transparency":[66],"integrity,":[69],"especially":[70],"building":[73],"information":[74],"modelling":[75],"enabled":[76],"environment,":[77],"they":[78],"also":[79],"introduce":[80],"rigidity,":[81],"reduce":[82],"scope":[84],"for":[85],"discretionary":[86],"decision":[87],"making":[88],"raise":[90],"concerns":[91],"regarding":[92],"fairness,":[93],"inclusivity":[94],"legal":[96],"certainty.":[97],"A":[98],"hybrid":[99],"model":[100],"is":[101],"proposed":[102],"which":[104],"complement,":[106],"rather":[107],"than":[108],"replace,":[109],"JCT":[110],"preserving":[112],"relational":[113],"trust":[114],"interpretative":[116],"flexibility":[117],"while":[118],"delivering":[119],"auditable":[120],"efficiency":[121],"where":[122],"adds":[124],"genuine":[125],"value.":[126],"review":[128],"draws":[129],"peer-reviewed":[131],"academic":[132,168],"literature,":[133],"reports":[135],"material":[137],"relevant":[138],"to":[139,175],"contemporary":[140],"UK":[141],"practice.":[143],"Academic":[144],"databases":[145],"(Scopus,":[146],"ScienceDirect,":[147],"Taylor":[148],"&":[149],"Francis":[150],"Online":[151],"ICE":[154],"Virtual":[155],"library)":[156],"were":[157,163],"searched":[158],"using":[159],"targeted":[160],"keywords.":[161],"Sources":[162],"selected":[164],"based":[165],"relevance,":[167],"rigour":[169],"recency,":[171],"priority":[173],"given":[174],"publications":[176],"from":[177],"past":[179],"decade.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-06-28T00:00:00"}