{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166300119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","title":"How the Electoral System Influences Personalization and Individual Campaign Spending: Evidence from Switzerland's First\u2010Time Finance Disclosure Regulations","display_name":"How the Electoral System Influences Personalization and Individual Campaign Spending: Evidence from Switzerland's First\u2010Time Finance Disclosure Regulations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166300119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/spsr.70041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182323184","display_name":"Swiss Political Science Review","issn_l":"1424-7755","issn":["1424-7755","1662-6370"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Swiss Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139501708","display_name":"Elia Gerber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5957-9934","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5957-9934"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elia Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ann\u00e9e Politique Suisse & University of Bern"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5957-9934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ann\u00e9e Politique Suisse & University of Bern","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004340787","display_name":"Rahel Freiburghaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4793-3989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4793-3989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97565354","display_name":"University of Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahel Freiburghaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lausanne"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4793-3989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lausanne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029201567","display_name":"Adrian Vatter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6588-8771","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6588-8771"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Vatter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bern"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6588-8771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bern","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5139501708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"],"apc_list":{"value":3140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3140},"apc_paid":{"value":3140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3140},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46009714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"412","last_page":"430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13684","display_name":"Political Dynamics in Latin America","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"personalization","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-list-proportional-representation","display_name":"open-list proportional representation","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-systems","display_name":"electoral systems","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-finance-disclosure","display_name":"campaign finance disclosure","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-vote","display_name":"personal vote","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intra-party-competition","display_name":"intra-party competition","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-behavior","display_name":"candidate behavior","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-in-politics","display_name":"money in politics","score":0.8450000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.8252000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7746000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780883770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352232","display_name":"Campaign finance","level":3,"score":0.7577999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6453999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119588120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13365595","display_name":"Proportional representation","level":4,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778737903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182985","display_name":"Electoral system","level":4,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160663922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223847","display_name":"Multi-party system","level":4,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991958027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182985","display_name":"Electoral politics","level":4,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178283979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490","display_name":"Public finance","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992889544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5356385","display_name":"Electoral reform","level":4,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323737","display_name":"Revealed preference","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/spsr.70041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182323184","display_name":"Swiss Political Science Review","issn_l":"1424-7755","issn":["1424-7755","1662-6370"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Swiss Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/spsr.70041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.70041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182323184","display_name":"Swiss Political Science Review","issn_l":"1424-7755","issn":["1424-7755","1662-6370"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Swiss Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.666700005531311}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573060590","https://openalex.org/W1991558753","https://openalex.org/W2006885921","https://openalex.org/W2015368323","https://openalex.org/W2018480745","https://openalex.org/W2058433447","https://openalex.org/W2093318324","https://openalex.org/W2099147692","https://openalex.org/W2111300691","https://openalex.org/W2123624210","https://openalex.org/W2171601975","https://openalex.org/W2228692055","https://openalex.org/W2490007936","https://openalex.org/W2557317291","https://openalex.org/W2790676853","https://openalex.org/W2884459365","https://openalex.org/W2990435351","https://openalex.org/W2999038758","https://openalex.org/W3007399254","https://openalex.org/W3007441569","https://openalex.org/W3026062349","https://openalex.org/W3027489367","https://openalex.org/W3045860049","https://openalex.org/W3114604759","https://openalex.org/W3135080594","https://openalex.org/W3157378125","https://openalex.org/W3174538211","https://openalex.org/W3178538991","https://openalex.org/W4200056036","https://openalex.org/W4213357532","https://openalex.org/W4220989588","https://openalex.org/W4229015005","https://openalex.org/W4231777670","https://openalex.org/W4234324822","https://openalex.org/W4240969940","https://openalex.org/W4255778870","https://openalex.org/W4283743358","https://openalex.org/W4297493297","https://openalex.org/W4303833990","https://openalex.org/W4377233385","https://openalex.org/W4385635676","https://openalex.org/W4387939529","https://openalex.org/W4401107310","https://openalex.org/W4402276573","https://openalex.org/W4404703655","https://openalex.org/W4405086578","https://openalex.org/W4407864938"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Personalization\u2014greater":[1],"candidate\u2010centeredness":[2],"at":[3],"the":[4,21,34,64,99,104,140],"expense":[5],"of":[6,12,36,142],"political":[7],"parties\u2014is":[8],"a":[9,29,57],"defining":[10],"feature":[11],"21st\u2010century":[13],"electoral":[14,22,73,134],"politics.":[15,145],"But":[16],"to":[17,55,71,120],"what":[18],"extent":[19],"does":[20],"system":[23],"shape":[24,72],"this":[25,93],"trend?":[26],"We":[27,60,91],"develop":[28],"theoretical":[30],"argument":[31,94],"rooted":[32],"in":[33,82,86,144],"design":[35],"open\u2010list":[37],"proportional":[38,44],"representation":[39],"(OLPR).":[40],"Because":[41],"OLPR":[42],"combines":[43],"seat":[45],"allocation":[46],"with":[47,127],"intra\u2010party":[48],"competition,":[49],"it":[50],"creates":[51],"opportunities":[52],"for":[53,67],"candidates":[54,77],"cultivate":[56],"personal":[58],"vote.":[59],"argue":[61],"that":[62,116],"when":[63],"institutional":[65],"potential":[66],"individual":[68,88,122],"preference":[69,123],"votes":[70,124],"outcomes":[74],"is":[75,125],"high,":[76],"respond":[78],"by":[79],"investing":[80],"more":[81],"personalized":[83],"campaigning,":[84],"reflected":[85],"higher":[87,128],"campaign":[89,109,130],"spending.":[90],"test":[92],"using":[95],"novel":[96],"data":[97],"from":[98],"2023":[100],"Swiss":[101],"federal":[102],"elections,":[103],"first":[105],"held":[106],"under":[107],"mandatory":[108],"finance":[110],"disclosure":[111],"rules.":[112],"Our":[113],"findings":[114],"show":[115],"greater":[117],"voter":[118],"ability":[119],"allocate":[121],"associated":[126],"in\u2010dividual":[129],"spending,":[131],"demonstrating":[132],"how":[133],"systems":[135],"influence":[136],"candidate":[137],"behavior":[138],"and":[139],"role":[141],"money":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-06-28T00:00:00"}