{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166294222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","title":"Calculation and evaluation of ZTD based on ensemble forecast data and AI-based weather model from ECMWF","display_name":"Calculation and evaluation of ZTD based on ensemble forecast data and AI-based weather model from ECMWF","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166294222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507095","display_name":"Geodesy and Geodynamics","issn_l":"1674-9847","issn":["1674-9847","2589-0573"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320345","host_organization_name":"KeAi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320345","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KeAi","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geodesy and Geodynamics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102720545","display_name":"Fei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2664-1589","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2664-1589"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598474","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology - Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/003ncxf91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spatio-TemporalInformation Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, 300381, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2664-1589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spatio-TemporalInformation Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, 300381, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139510621","display_name":"Kaiwen Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598474","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology - Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/003ncxf91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiwen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114075201","display_name":"Ruixian Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5206-6577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5206-6577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598474","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology - Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/003ncxf91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruixian Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123660288","display_name":"Ruohan Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598474","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology - Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/003ncxf91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruohan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology\u2010Beijing, Beijing,100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139471233","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338337","display_name":"Zi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3953-0493","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3953-0493","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4590-0232","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6293-1474","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-4085","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8565-6011","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-2454","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3528-558X","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7525-2023","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-8407","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7045-5308","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-5942","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-6569","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0334-4082","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1400-0197","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-5754","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6206-526X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7719-761X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-4841","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0688-3564","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3268-6177","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-480X","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-2540","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8070-6561","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2037-0127","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6542-466X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6678-8016","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4329-1100","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9206-0595","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7953-6381","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8132-393X","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0199-1231","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1946-5088","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2865-4673","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3053-1680","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5169-1464","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5271-2298","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9215-4681","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0545-0229","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2771-6745","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5895-4789","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9619-903X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-9455","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6191-3514","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6297-2700","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-0654","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-4123","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7188-5828","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7432-0689","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-4528","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-624X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7974-7075","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8190-6469","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8458-6704","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9225-8495","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9285-3040","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-1481","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-2241","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-1963","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-4099","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0410-1496","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1002-7069","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1133-6058","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-9519","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-6311","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1366-8929","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1383-9177","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-669X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1620-3385","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-744X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1709-7764","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1966-2421","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2297-3749","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-8322","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-1535","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3961-0100","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4139-7572","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-7803","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4707-036X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4721-7894","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-7287","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-6432","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-4455","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-6178","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5804-3279","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-7366","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6171-132X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6958-2657","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7144-1511","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-4786","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7516-7038","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7521-2900","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-376X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-4282","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-9366","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7950-787X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8001-0318","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8341-2929","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-9660","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9330-0728","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-7580","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9815-8775","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1535-2319","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-6993","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2213-0079","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-3214","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2658-8781","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-9570","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-8376","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2932-890X","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-5288","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3608-6830","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3684-9615","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-1516","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-1804","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4923-9381","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0418-7544","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0689-1658","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1929-0958","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3579-7820","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4367-2681","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4794-9852","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6403-1429","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6429-2362","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6522-0037","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7299-3716","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7840-0475","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0489-4406","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0572-8223","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0993-4526","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1920-4754","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3053-827X","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3658-439X","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5104-4391","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5685-8618","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7093-8120","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7474-9538","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7974-316X","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9853-470X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0221-817X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1253-5574","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1850-4728","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1941-517X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3308-2658","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6679-220X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6949-5788","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7771-7053","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8163-2722","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8194-2755","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0576-7251","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2668-6231","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3790-1574","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4343-6170","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5078-0359","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6190-2227","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6209-6917","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7925-992X","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9440-8401","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0115-1203","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0673-6999","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1359-3201","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2380-3161","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2977-9414","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3673-0934","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3870-1045","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6250-8499","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6313-7810","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7437-7756","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7467-737X","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9653-365X","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9998-4229","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0712-254X","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1179-0276","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3009-9085","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3701-5526","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4053-7675","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4086-5898","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5691-4981","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5794-7371","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6441-8566","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7154-6478","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7620-5613","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7739-2211","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0145-150X","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1503-9014","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2112-5736","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7457-1529","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8943-0884","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9292-843X","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4300-4262","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4630-472X","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5076-3101","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5529-4279","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5919-737X","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8753-4695","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0812-9841","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1309-8461","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1341-6714","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1597-3557","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1794-213X","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1880-6439","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2338-0049","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3707-5600","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7155-5333","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7838-2199","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9033-0201","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9414-0405","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0402-0707","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0979-7259","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0987-7195","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1131-069X","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2703-8678","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4113-7410","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4944-1927","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8034-6047","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-1406"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598474","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology - Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/003ncxf91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125765145","display_name":"Dashan Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dashan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spatio-TemporalInformation Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, 300381, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spatio-TemporalInformation Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, 300381, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102720545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598474"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94943621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.053700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith-tropospheric-delay","display_name":"zenith tropospheric delay","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"ensemble forecasting","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecmwf-ifs","display_name":"ECMWF IFS","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-bias-correction","display_name":"systematic bias correction","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor-variability","display_name":"water vapor variability","score":0.6309999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7110999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.6762999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6715999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.6089000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.5990999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163109420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287011","display_name":"Global Forecast System","level":3,"score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21001229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182868","display_name":"Weather forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166851805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468165","display_name":"Forecast verification","level":3,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133204551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838305","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","level":2,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51865526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5379962","display_name":"Ensemble average","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37505551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1453537","display_name":"Model output statistics","level":3,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194507410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901704","display_name":"Orography","level":3,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100253034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Systematic error","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987469573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182868","display_name":"Weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174303752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624438","display_name":"Forecast error","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167085575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803654","display_name":"Mean squared prediction error","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170061395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468164","display_name":"Forecast skill","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507095","display_name":"Geodesy and Geodynamics","issn_l":"1674-9847","issn":["1674-9847","2589-0573"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320345","host_organization_name":"KeAi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320345","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KeAi","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geodesy and Geodynamics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.06.005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507095","display_name":"Geodesy and Geodynamics","issn_l":"1674-9847","issn":["1674-9847","2589-0573"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","oarl","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320345","host_organization_name":"KeAi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320345","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KeAi","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geodesy and Geodynamics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328119","display_name":"National University's Basic Research Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519855838","https://openalex.org/W1983985357","https://openalex.org/W2001865341","https://openalex.org/W2048096931","https://openalex.org/W2081182187","https://openalex.org/W2095561522","https://openalex.org/W2107971176","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2140050818","https://openalex.org/W2151975955","https://openalex.org/W2794760869","https://openalex.org/W2892321080","https://openalex.org/W2899306094","https://openalex.org/W3006905438","https://openalex.org/W3188857689","https://openalex.org/W3204014769","https://openalex.org/W4283327411","https://openalex.org/W4308501072","https://openalex.org/W4308721643","https://openalex.org/W4313408216","https://openalex.org/W4321350795","https://openalex.org/W4362581996","https://openalex.org/W4376851206","https://openalex.org/W4383218913","https://openalex.org/W4388654737","https://openalex.org/W4388728292","https://openalex.org/W4389734430","https://openalex.org/W4400079208","https://openalex.org/W4401413267","https://openalex.org/W4408153227","https://openalex.org/W4410342135","https://openalex.org/W4411408500","https://openalex.org/W4411729190","https://openalex.org/W4414612227","https://openalex.org/W4417188272","https://openalex.org/W7115016448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404320487","https://openalex.org/W7115016448","https://openalex.org/W4414126981","https://openalex.org/W7160156280","https://openalex.org/W4401452689","https://openalex.org/W2995333622","https://openalex.org/W4405024503","https://openalex.org/W7172491750","https://openalex.org/W4319084003","https://openalex.org/W4415828101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Accurate":[1],"estimation":[2],"and":[3,18,51,80,98,103,157,167,196,240],"forecasting":[4,72],"of":[5,47,58,83,127,133,163],"zenith":[6],"tropospheric":[7,250],"delay":[8,251],"(ZTD)":[9],"are":[10],"vital":[11],"for":[12,32,70,247],"satellite":[13],"Earth":[14],"observation,":[15],"atmospheric":[16,26],"monitoring,":[17],"meteorological":[19],"applications.":[20],"Ensemble":[21],"forecasts":[22,86],"could":[23],"provide":[24,67],"relevant":[25],"parameters":[27,69],"that":[28,231],"can":[29,235],"be":[30],"used":[31],"ZTD":[33,39,71,85],"forecasting,":[34],"but":[35],"achieving":[36,129],"high-accuracy,":[37],"real-time":[38,78],"prediction":[40,92],"remains":[41],"challenging":[42],"due":[43],"to":[44,122,225],"the":[45,48,52,56,91,96,123,147,172,184,198,223],"uncertainty":[46],"initial":[49,191],"conditions":[50],"model":[53],"resolution.":[54],"With":[55],"development":[57],"large-scale":[59],"models,":[60],"artificial":[61],"intelligence-based":[62],"(AI-based)":[63],"weather":[64,233],"models":[65,234],"also":[66],"these":[68],"with":[73],"enhanced":[74],"computational":[75],"efficiency.":[76],"A":[77],"calculation":[79],"comparative":[81],"evaluation":[82],"high-accuracy":[84],"was":[87],"conducted,":[88],"in":[89,107,155],"which":[90],"methods":[93],"based":[94],"on":[95,204],"ensemble":[97],"AI-based":[99,232],"forecasts,":[100],"i.e.,":[101],"ECMWF-IFS":[102,176],"ECMWF-AIFS,":[104],"were":[105],"compared":[106,121],"detail.":[108],"Using":[109],"global":[110,141],"IGS-ZTD":[111],"as":[112],"a":[113,130],"reference,":[114],"ECMWF-AIFS":[115,138,189,218],"demonstrated":[116],"superior":[117],"error":[118,153,238],"distribution":[119],"characteristics":[120],"widespread":[124],"systematic":[125,242],"overestimation":[126],"ECMWF-IFS,":[128],"regression":[131],"slope":[132],"0.995":[134],"versus":[135],"0.992.":[136],"Spatially,":[137],"significantly":[139],"optimized":[140],"consistency":[142],"by":[143,194,213],"concentrating":[144],"RMSE":[145,179,199,224],"within":[146],"0-15":[148],"mm":[149,182,202],"range,":[150],"effectively":[151,236],"mitigating":[152],"fluctuations":[154],"low-latitude":[156],"equatorial":[158],"regions.":[159],"Temporally,":[160],"both":[161],"types":[162],"data":[164],"maintained":[165,177],"continuous":[166],"stable":[168],"forecast":[169,174,192],"capabilities":[170],"throughout":[171],"15-day":[173],"cycle;":[175],"an":[178],"below":[180],"30":[181],"during":[183],"first":[185],"6":[186],"days,":[187],"while":[188],"improved":[190],"accuracy":[193],"35.2%":[195],"controlled":[197],"at":[200],"38.73":[201],"even":[203],"Day":[205],"15.":[206],"In":[207],"complex":[208],"tropical":[209],"coastal":[210],"environments":[211],"characterized":[212],"high":[214],"water":[215],"vapor":[216],"variability,":[217],"exhibited":[219],"exceptional":[220],"robustness,":[221],"reducing":[222],"17.58":[226],"mm.":[227],"These":[228],"results":[229],"indicate":[230],"suppress":[237],"accumulation":[239],"correct":[241],"biases,":[243],"demonstrating":[244],"significant":[245],"potential":[246],"real-time,":[248],"high-precision":[249],"forecasting.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-06-28T00:00:00"}
