{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166202153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","title":"HIV-V3Augur: A Novel Machine Learning Model for Predicting HIV-1 Tropism in Sub-Subtype A6 and CRF63_02A6, Predominant Variants in Russia and Countries of the Former Soviet Union","display_name":"HIV-V3Augur: A Novel Machine Learning Model for Predicting HIV-1 Tropism in Sub-Subtype A6 and CRF63_02A6, Predominant Variants in Russia and Countries of the Former Soviet Union","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166202153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42515555"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/v18070703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/7/703/pdf?version=1782388693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55776271","display_name":"Viruses","issn_l":"1999-4915","issn":["1999-4915"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/7/703/pdf?version=1782388693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093506725","display_name":"Kirill Artemovich Elfimov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6635-2642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6635-2642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kirill Elfimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6635-2642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092528592","display_name":"L. G. Gotfrid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-8231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-8231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludmila Gotfrid","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-8231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022801907","display_name":"Alina R. Nokhova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7891-5847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7891-5847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134550","display_name":"Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04545k330","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134550"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alina Nokhova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7891-5847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018151605","display_name":"Mariya P. Gashnikova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-5422","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-5422"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariya Gashnikova","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081719278","display_name":"Vasiliy E. Ekushov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0465-1260","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0465-1260"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasiliy Ekushov","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092528595","display_name":"Maksim R. Halikov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1765-1909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1765-1909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maksim Halikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1765-1909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039899270","display_name":"Irina P. Osipova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Osipova","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031162014","display_name":"D. A. Baboshko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9052-6427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9052-6427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitriy Baboshko","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrey Murzin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8661-7109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8661-7109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrey Murzin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8661-7109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139438565","display_name":"Ivan Kondeikin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6443-6446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6443-6446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188973947","display_name":"Novosibirsk State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2ss102","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188973947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Kondeikin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia","State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6443-6446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188973947"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125013578","display_name":"Arina Kiryakina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8246-0743","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8246-0743"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188973947","display_name":"Novosibirsk State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t2ss102","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188973947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arina Kiryakina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia","State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8246-0743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188973947"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013898588","display_name":"\u0410. \u0412. \u0422\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7418-4872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7418-4872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksey Totmenin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024246549","display_name":"Alexander P. Agafonov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2577-0434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2577-0434"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandr Agaphonov","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2577-0434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029000953","display_name":"Natalya Matveevna Gashnikova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-0880","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-0880"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000777","display_name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR","ror":"https://ror.org/00z7n1h55","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318325419","https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalya Gashnikova","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-0880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology \u2018Vector\u2019, Koltsovo 630559, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093506725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000777"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44803414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"7","first_page":"703","last_page":"703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.7896000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.7896000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.1404000073671341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudo-amino-acid-composition","display_name":"pseudo amino acid composition","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-synonymous-codon-usage","display_name":"relative synonymous codon usage","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ccr5-coreceptor","display_name":"CCR5 coreceptor","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cxcr4-coreceptor","display_name":"CXCR4 coreceptor","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maraviroc","display_name":"maraviroc","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1-subtypes","display_name":"HIV-1 subtypes","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/former-soviet-union","display_name":"former Soviet Union","score":0.5979999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35693153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239762","display_name":"Tropism","level":3,"score":0.8684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6414999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33602714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7809666","display_name":"Tissue tropism","level":4,"score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017612487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15180","display_name":"Soviet union","level":3,"score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.536300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019953208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159","display_name":"Russian federation","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002460","descriptor_name":"Cell Line","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002460","descriptor_name":"Cell Line","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002460","descriptor_name":"Cell Line","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012426","descriptor_name":"Russia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012426","descriptor_name":"Russia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012426","descriptor_name":"Russia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014586","descriptor_name":"USSR","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014586","descriptor_name":"USSR","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014586","descriptor_name":"USSR","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015699","descriptor_name":"HIV Envelope Protein gp120","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015699","descriptor_name":"HIV Envelope Protein gp120","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015699","descriptor_name":"HIV Envelope Protein gp120","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015699","descriptor_name":"HIV Envelope Protein gp120","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015699","descriptor_name":"HIV Envelope Protein gp120","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015699","descriptor_name":"HIV Envelope Protein gp120","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056189","descriptor_name":"Viral Tropism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056189","descriptor_name":"Viral Tropism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056189","descriptor_name":"Viral Tropism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/v18070703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/7/703/pdf?version=1782388693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55776271","display_name":"Viruses","issn_l":"1999-4915","issn":["1999-4915"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42515555","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42515555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13431538","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42515555/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13431538/pdf/viruses-18-00703.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:218d7919ff4c4a4e98a75277c1874835","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/218d7919ff4c4a4e98a75277c1874835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Viruses, Vol 18, Iss 7, p 703 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/v18070703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070703","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/7/703/pdf?version=1782388693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55776271","display_name":"Viruses","issn_l":"1999-4915","issn":["1999-4915"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8560000061988831,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8229154348373413,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326596","display_name":"Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/05xe40a72"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166202153.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166202153.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588000118","https://openalex.org/W1664573657","https://openalex.org/W1773778812","https://openalex.org/W1779624089","https://openalex.org/W1976493037","https://openalex.org/W1985722970","https://openalex.org/W1989091541","https://openalex.org/W2001920789","https://openalex.org/W2006602976","https://openalex.org/W2018808081","https://openalex.org/W2020056247","https://openalex.org/W2024353108","https://openalex.org/W2026891347","https://openalex.org/W2029813658","https://openalex.org/W2055817120","https://openalex.org/W2060582828","https://openalex.org/W2066480278","https://openalex.org/W2067925490","https://openalex.org/W2070371941","https://openalex.org/W2087757756","https://openalex.org/W2088522769","https://openalex.org/W2101247921","https://openalex.org/W2103347074","https://openalex.org/W2104551758","https://openalex.org/W2104849048","https://openalex.org/W2106778984","https://openalex.org/W2108511174","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2114850508","https://openalex.org/W2114903401","https://openalex.org/W2119951120","https://openalex.org/W2124212352","https://openalex.org/W2160257187","https://openalex.org/W2168530883","https://openalex.org/W2170964688","https://openalex.org/W2281406966","https://openalex.org/W2327193630","https://openalex.org/W2336400828","https://openalex.org/W2344221688","https://openalex.org/W2663842028","https://openalex.org/W2751583588","https://openalex.org/W2790428059","https://openalex.org/W2903782576","https://openalex.org/W2945048248","https://openalex.org/W2952946229","https://openalex.org/W2960803335","https://openalex.org/W2995503803","https://openalex.org/W2995700911","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3207106459","https://openalex.org/W4226192948","https://openalex.org/W4235866004","https://openalex.org/W4251751280","https://openalex.org/W4293716449","https://openalex.org/W4307171446","https://openalex.org/W4391361266","https://openalex.org/W4393235413","https://openalex.org/W4394785938","https://openalex.org/W4403558071","https://openalex.org/W4405670661","https://openalex.org/W4412138136","https://openalex.org/W4412694816","https://openalex.org/W4415979523","https://openalex.org/W7134185942"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Determining":[0],"HIV-1":[1,55,67,288],"tropism":[2,82,94,283],"provides":[3],"the":[4,20,23,27,39,66,79,93,127,214,292],"prognosis":[5],"of":[6,81,95,118,247,250,254,266,269,273],"HIV":[7],"infection":[8],"and":[9,26,46,48,60,71,103,109,113,130,153,155,172,188,199,217,232,252,259,271],"is":[10],"required":[11],"before":[12],"prescribing":[13],"maraviroc,":[14],"an":[15,208,245,264],"entry":[16],"inhibitor":[17],"that":[18,139,277],"blocks":[19],"interaction":[21],"between":[22,197],"viral":[24],"gp120":[25],"CCR5":[28],"coreceptor.":[29],"However,":[30],"existing":[31,120,185],"prediction":[32,83,284],"algorithms":[33],"have":[34],"been":[35],"developed":[36,206],"primarily":[37],"for":[38,53,84,164,169,179,286],"globally":[40,165],"most":[41],"prevalent":[42,166],"subtypes":[43,167],"(B,":[44],"C,":[45,151,171],"CRF01_AE)":[47,173],"often":[49],"show":[50],"reduced":[51,177],"performance":[52,178],"other":[54,72],"genetic":[56],"variants.":[57],"Sub-subtype":[58],"A6":[59,181],"circulating":[61,290],"recombinant":[62],"form":[63],"CRF63_02A6":[64,189,261],"dominate":[65],"epidemic":[68],"in":[69,291],"Russia":[70],"Former":[73],"Soviet":[74],"Union":[75],"(FSU)":[76],"countries,":[77],"yet":[78],"reliability":[80],"these":[85],"viruses":[86],"remains":[87],"virtually":[88],"unexplored.":[89],"We":[90],"phenotypically":[91],"determined":[92],"25":[96],"clinical":[97],"isolates":[98],"(11":[99],"R5,":[100],"1":[101],"X4,":[102],"7":[104],"dual-tropic":[105],"R5/X4)":[106],"using":[107],"U87.CD4.CCR5":[108],"U87.CD4.CXCR4":[110],"cell":[111],"lines":[112],"performed":[114],"a":[115,136,194,280,301],"comparative":[116],"analysis":[117],"eight":[119],"genotypic":[121,282],"tools":[122],"(Geno2pheno,":[123],"WebPSSM,":[124],"T-CUP":[125],"2.0,":[126],"Delobel/Garrido":[128],"rules,":[129],"others)":[131],"or":[132],"their":[133],"modifications":[134],"on":[135,213,226,256,260],"combined":[137],"dataset":[138],"included":[140],"Los":[141],"Alamos":[142],"National":[143],"Laboratory":[144],"(LANL)":[145],"reference":[146],"sequences":[147],"(subtypes":[148],"A,":[149],"B,":[150,170],"CRF01_AE,":[152],"CRF02_AG)":[154],"our":[156],"laboratory-derived":[157],"isolates.":[158],"Most":[159],"models":[160],"achieved":[161,244],"high":[162],"accuracy":[163,183,246,265],"(\u224895%":[168],"but":[174],"showed":[175],"markedly":[176],"sub-subtype":[180,257],"(best":[182,190],"among":[184],"models,":[186],"85%)":[187],"accuracy,":[191],"72%),":[192],"with":[193,239],"poor":[195],"balance":[196],"sensitivity":[198,249,268],"specificity.":[200],"To":[201],"address":[202],"this":[203],"problem,":[204],"we":[205],"HIV-V3Augur,":[207],"ensemble":[209],"stacking":[210],"model":[211],"based":[212],"Random":[215],"Forest":[216],"Support":[218],"Vector":[219],"Machine":[220],"(SVM)":[221],"machine":[222],"learning":[223],"algorithms,":[224],"trained":[225],"Pseudo":[227],"Amino":[228],"Acid":[229],"Composition":[230],"(PseAAC)":[231],"Relative":[233],"Synonymous":[234],"Codon":[235],"Usage":[236],"(RSCU)":[237],"features":[238],"10-fold":[240],"stratified":[241],"cross-validation.":[242],"HIV-V3Augur":[243,278,295],"77%,":[248],"79%,":[251],"specificity":[253,272],"79%":[255],"A6,":[258],"it":[262],"reached":[263],"95%,":[267],"87%,":[270],"100%.":[274],"Cross-validation":[275],"demonstrated":[276],"represents":[279],"balanced":[281],"tool":[285],"understudied":[287],"variants":[289],"FSU":[293],"region.":[294],"can":[296],"be":[297],"used":[298],"locally":[299],"through":[300],"graphical":[302],"user":[303],"interface.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-06-27T00:00:00"}