{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166149172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","title":"Management and outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury treated in three major Nordic intensive care units: a comparative cohort study","display_name":"Management and outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury treated in three major Nordic intensive care units: a comparative cohort study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166149172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42363248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108358066","display_name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1757-7241","issn":["1757-7241"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063748823","display_name":"Hanna Lidstr\u00f6m","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanna Lidstr\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139421767","display_name":"Anna Hutchens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Hutchens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011172726","display_name":"Logan Froese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-0189","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-0189"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Logan Froese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","Medical Unit Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Unit Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005313829","display_name":"David W. Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2530-8207","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2530-8207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W. Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","Function Perioperative Care and Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Function Perioperative Care and Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103277913","display_name":"Jiri Jr Bartek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2911-1914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2911-1914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiri Bartek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","Medical Unit Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Unit Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064581226","display_name":"Alexander Fletcher\u2010Sandersj\u00f6\u00f6","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-3045","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-3045"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Fletcher-Sandersj\u00f6\u00f6","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","Medical Unit Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Unit Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000799888","display_name":"Dag Ferner Netteland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0382-0713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0382-0713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281400175","display_name":"Oslo University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9c2840","country_code":"NO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dag Ferner Netteland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085698079","display_name":"Mads Aarhus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5098-3681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5098-3681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281400175","display_name":"Oslo University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9c2840","country_code":"NO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mads Aarhus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway","Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050679448","display_name":"Cecilia A. I. \u00c5kerlund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-1482","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-1482"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia A. I. \u00c5kerlund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","Function Perioperative Care and Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Function Perioperative Care and Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093351927","display_name":"Wivi Taalas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8444-9291","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8444-9291"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800394112","display_name":"Helsinki University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02e8hzf44","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800394112","https://openalex.org/I4210166427"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wivi Taalas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I2800394112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081838581","display_name":"Jari O. Siironen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-8999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-8999"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800394112","display_name":"Helsinki University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02e8hzf44","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800394112","https://openalex.org/I4210166427"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jari Siironen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I2800394112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Juho Vehvil\u00e4inen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800394112","display_name":"Helsinki University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02e8hzf44","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800394112","https://openalex.org/I4210166427"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Vehvil\u00e4inen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I2800394112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077555252","display_name":"Markus B. Skrifvars","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-0262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-0262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800394112","display_name":"Helsinki University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02e8hzf44","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800394112","https://openalex.org/I4210166427"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus B. Skrifvars","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I2800394112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007382699","display_name":"Rahul Raj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-9591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-9591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800394112","display_name":"Helsinki University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02e8hzf44","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800394112","https://openalex.org/I4210166427"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I2800394112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082953939","display_name":"Eric Peter Thelin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-4364","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-4364"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335113835","display_name":"Karolinska University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8d6786","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric P. Thelin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. eric.thelin@ki.se","Medical Unit Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. eric.thelin@ki.se"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. eric.thelin@ki.se","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Unit Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. eric.thelin@ki.se","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057994219","display_name":"Cathrine Tverdal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-3825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-3825"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281400175","display_name":"Oslo University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9c2840","country_code":"NO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cathrine Tverdal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082953939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335113835","https://openalex.org/I28166907"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51097448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"traumatic brain injury","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icu-management","display_name":"intensive care unit management","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unfavorable-outcome","display_name":"unfavorable outcome","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/30-day-mortality","display_name":"30-day mortality","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glasgow-outcome-scale","display_name":"Glasgow Outcome Scale","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-trends","display_name":"treatment trends","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracranial-pressure-monitoring","display_name":"intracranial pressure monitoring","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurosurgical-treatment","display_name":"neurosurgical treatment","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-level-variation","display_name":"hospital-level variation","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome-prediction-model","display_name":"outcome prediction model","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glasgow-coma-scale","display_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotterdam-ct-score","display_name":"Rotterdam CT score","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurocritical-care","display_name":"neurocritical care","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-care","display_name":"quality of care","score":0.36800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9269000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17624336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461644","display_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","level":2,"score":0.8773000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.7181000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777796830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1529519","display_name":"Glasgow Outcome Scale","level":3,"score":0.708299994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5769000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5353000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987404301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care","level":2,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100136789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1772448","display_name":"Coma (optics)","level":2,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776296500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478590","display_name":"Targeted temperature management","level":5,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85004164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089964","display_name":"Injury Severity Score","level":4,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920572","display_name":"Head injury","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780954326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416096","display_name":"Intracranial pressure","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064904","display_name":"Major trauma","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781341471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359060","display_name":"Intracranial pressure monitoring","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780454255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111916","display_name":"Outcomes research","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070642","descriptor_name":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005387","descriptor_name":"Finland","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005387","descriptor_name":"Finland","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005387","descriptor_name":"Finland","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005387","descriptor_name":"Finland","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009664","descriptor_name":"Norway","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009664","descriptor_name":"Norway","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009664","descriptor_name":"Norway","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009664","descriptor_name":"Norway","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012042","descriptor_name":"Registries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012042","descriptor_name":"Registries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012042","descriptor_name":"Registries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012042","descriptor_name":"Registries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012537","descriptor_name":"Scandinavian and Nordic Countries","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012537","descriptor_name":"Scandinavian and Nordic Countries","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012537","descriptor_name":"Scandinavian and Nordic Countries","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012537","descriptor_name":"Scandinavian and Nordic Countries","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015600","descriptor_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015600","descriptor_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015600","descriptor_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015600","descriptor_name":"Glasgow Coma Scale","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108358066","display_name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1757-7241","issn":["1757-7241"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42363248","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42363248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:527842bb44944ca588d442838722f05e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/527842bb44944ca588d442838722f05e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, Vol 34, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13309966","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42363248/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13049-026-01657-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108358066","display_name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1757-7241","issn":["1757-7241"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.699581503868103}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311816","display_name":"Finska L\u00e4kares\u00e4llskapet","ror":"https://ror.org/04vbzm272"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322315","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166149172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7166149172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1007445088","https://openalex.org/W1971132169","https://openalex.org/W1995505249","https://openalex.org/W1996760171","https://openalex.org/W2018867075","https://openalex.org/W2043262510","https://openalex.org/W2056270913","https://openalex.org/W2057056319","https://openalex.org/W2094741545","https://openalex.org/W2100017480","https://openalex.org/W2107885626","https://openalex.org/W2135948363","https://openalex.org/W2145089983","https://openalex.org/W2151625393","https://openalex.org/W2295180215","https://openalex.org/W2465431125","https://openalex.org/W2522738478","https://openalex.org/W2553809337","https://openalex.org/W2609914434","https://openalex.org/W2743984743","https://openalex.org/W2796869759","https://openalex.org/W2797739759","https://openalex.org/W2892356190","https://openalex.org/W2936988027","https://openalex.org/W2938339820","https://openalex.org/W2944160948","https://openalex.org/W2972355048","https://openalex.org/W2982632036","https://openalex.org/W3008000046","https://openalex.org/W3042677187","https://openalex.org/W3081989400","https://openalex.org/W3082902286","https://openalex.org/W3120631185","https://openalex.org/W3179083532","https://openalex.org/W3185099007","https://openalex.org/W3193055391","https://openalex.org/W3193121389","https://openalex.org/W3210906350","https://openalex.org/W4210297019","https://openalex.org/W4225319050","https://openalex.org/W4253891799","https://openalex.org/W4285730228","https://openalex.org/W4292714678","https://openalex.org/W4297983178","https://openalex.org/W4311661954","https://openalex.org/W4388565952","https://openalex.org/W4399983636","https://openalex.org/W4411320808","https://openalex.org/W4412438571","https://openalex.org/W4415456291"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Traumatic":[1],"brain":[2],"injury":[3,65],"(TBI)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,58,232,264],"major":[7],"cause":[8],"of":[9,98,242,271],"death":[10],"and":[11,19,36,50,70,129,147,167,175,209,220,237,278,320,331,349],"disability,":[12],"with":[13,57,263,326],"large":[14,54],"variations":[15],"in":[16,27,31,48,52,103,257,290,307,317,328,345,353],"management":[17],"strategies":[18,33,330],"outcomes":[20,51,137,258,346],"across":[21,251],"countries.":[22],"Nordic":[23,55],"countries":[24],"are":[25,67],"similar":[26,69],"demographics,":[28],"but":[29,310],"differences":[30,38,47,248],"treatment":[32,329],"likely":[34],"exist":[35],"outcome":[37,120,131,142,157,206,212,253,277,293,339,354],"have":[39,71],"been":[40],"reported.":[41],"We":[42,78,135],"aimed":[43],"to":[44],"assess":[45],"temporal":[46,288,351],"treatments":[49],"three":[53,97],"centers,":[56,250],"hypothesis":[59],"that":[60],"outcomes,":[61],"after":[62,138,267,335],"adjustment":[63],"for":[64,140,180,275,282,337],"severity,":[66],"generally":[68],"improved":[72],"over":[73,153,356],"time.":[74,154],"MATERIALS":[75],"AND":[76],"METHODS:":[77],"performed":[79],"an":[80],"international,":[81],"multicenter,":[82],"retrospective,":[83],"observational":[84],"registry":[85],"study":[86,358],"including":[87],"consecutive":[88],"intensive":[89],"care":[90],"unit":[91],"(ICU)":[92],"managed":[93],"TBI":[94,141,234,338],"patients":[95,183,191],"from":[96],"the":[99,104,227,269,357],"largest":[100],"university":[101],"hospitals":[102,260,323],"Nordics":[105],"(Helsinki":[106],"(HUS),":[107],"Finland":[108],"[2005-2020];":[109],"Stockholm":[110],"(KUH),":[111],"Sweden":[112],"[2005-2022];":[113],"Oslo":[114],"(OUH),":[115],"Norway":[116],"[2015-2022]).":[117],"Our":[118],"primary":[119],"was":[121,132,184,207,213,218,224,261,294,347],"6-12-month":[122],"unfavorable":[123,205,211,276,292],"Glasgow":[124,149],"Outcome":[125],"Scale":[126,151],"(GOS,":[127],"1-3)":[128],"secondary":[130],"30-day":[133,216,222,283],"mortality.":[134,284],"compared":[136],"adjusting":[139,336],"predictors:":[143],"age,":[144],"pupil":[145],"responsiveness":[146],"admission":[148],"Coma":[150],"(GCS)":[152],"Other":[155],"known":[156],"predictors":[158],"like":[159],"computerized":[160],"tomography":[161],"(CT)":[162],"scores":[163],"(Marshall":[164],"CT":[165,169],"classification":[166],"Rotterdam":[168],"score)":[170],"were":[171,192,313,324],"collected":[172],"if":[173],"available,":[174],"intracranial":[176],"pressure":[177],"monitoring":[178],"(ICP)":[179],"GCS":[181],"3-8":[182],"specifically":[185],"analyzed.":[186],"RESULTS:":[187],"In":[188],"total,":[189],"5,970":[190],"included":[193,228],"(HUS":[194],"=":[195,198,201,304],"2,769,":[196],"KUH":[197],"1,390,":[199],"OUH":[200],"1,811).":[202],"Six-months":[203],"crude":[204,332],"43%":[208],"predicted":[210,221,291],"44%.":[214],"Crude":[215],"mortality":[217,223],"17%":[219],"18%.":[225],"Of":[226],"patients,":[229],"72%":[230],"had":[231],"moderate-to-severe":[233],"(GCS":[235],"3-12)":[236],"54%":[238],"underwent":[239],"some":[240],"form":[241],"neurosurgical":[243],"intervention.":[244],"Model":[245],"application":[246],"diminished":[247],"between":[249,259,322],"both":[252],"measures.":[254],"Minimal":[255],"variation":[256,327,344],"observed,":[262,348],"hospital-level":[265],"variance":[266],"applying":[268],"model":[270],"0.02":[272],"(SD":[273,280],"0.15)":[274],"0.06":[279],"0.24)":[281],"Overall,":[285],"no":[286,341,350],"significant":[287],"trend":[289],"observed":[295],"(OR":[296],"per":[297],"year":[298],"0.95,":[299],"95%":[300],"CI":[301],"0.88-1.03,":[302],"p":[303],"0.20).":[305],"Variations":[306],"ICP":[308],"monitoring,":[309],"also":[311],"caseload,":[312],"observed.":[314],"CONCLUSION:":[315],"Differences":[316],"patient":[318],"case-mix":[319],"caseload":[321],"associated":[325],"outcomes.":[333],"However,":[334],"predictors,":[340],"meaningful":[342],"between-hospital":[343],"trends":[352],"found":[355],"period.":[359]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2026-06-27T00:00:00"}