{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165952154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","title":"Explainable physics-informed learning framework for single-ended fault location in 100% inverter-based grids","display_name":"Explainable physics-informed learning framework for single-ended fault location in 100% inverter-based grids","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165952154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151498627","display_name":"Electric Power Systems Research","issn_l":"0378-7796","issn":["0378-7796","1873-2046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electric Power Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081406620","display_name":"Amir Hossein Poursaeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0426-4092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0426-4092"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hossein Poursaeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0426-4092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018888435","display_name":"Farhad Namdari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-252X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-252X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farhad Namdari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-252X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044949709","display_name":"Subhendu Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-9536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-9536"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhendu Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018888435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"apc_list":{"value":2810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2810},"apc_paid":{"value":2810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2810},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44531941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"262","issue":null,"first_page":"113536","last_page":"113536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-ended-fault-location","display_name":"single-ended fault location","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics-informed-machine-learning","display_name":"physics-informed machine learning","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchrosqueezing-transform","display_name":"synchrosqueezing transform","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telegrapher-s-equations","display_name":"telegraph equation","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-distance-estimation","display_name":"fault distance estimation","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"power system protection","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-transient-simulation","display_name":"electromagnetic transient simulation","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5767999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151498627","display_name":"Electric Power Systems Research","issn_l":"0378-7796","issn":["0378-7796","1873-2046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electric Power Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151498627","display_name":"Electric Power Systems Research","issn_l":"0378-7796","issn":["0378-7796","1873-2046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electric Power Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.571399986743927,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4145066440105438,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320275","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324473","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899283552","https://openalex.org/W3010334486","https://openalex.org/W4285082047","https://openalex.org/W4324026247","https://openalex.org/W4383709766","https://openalex.org/W4386404755","https://openalex.org/W4386463623","https://openalex.org/W4387630213","https://openalex.org/W4391468032","https://openalex.org/W4391759509","https://openalex.org/W4393253182","https://openalex.org/W4394008358","https://openalex.org/W4394866009","https://openalex.org/W4399729542","https://openalex.org/W4399813167","https://openalex.org/W4400112913","https://openalex.org/W4403378660","https://openalex.org/W4407531838","https://openalex.org/W4411472190"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inverter-dominated":[0],"transmission":[1,70],"grids":[2],"challenge":[3],"conventional":[4],"protection":[5],"because":[6],"converter":[7],"control":[8],"and":[9,15,28,76,94,169,172,192,202],"current":[10,87],"limiting":[11],"distort":[12],"fault":[13,18,31,64,111,151,193,207],"transients":[14],"weaken":[16],"phasor-domain":[17],"signatures.":[19],"This":[20],"paper":[21],"addresses":[22],"the":[23,103,149,159,174,196],"unresolved":[24],"problem":[25],"of":[26,145,167],"accurate":[27],"unambiguous":[29],"single-ended":[30,63],"location":[32,131,208],"in":[33,67,156,209],"100%":[34,68],"inverter-based":[35,69,211],"systems,":[36],"particularly":[37],"when":[38],"equidistant":[39,170],"faults":[40,171],"produce":[41],"identical":[42,114],"propagation":[43,115],"distances":[44,116],"from":[45,84,117,136],"one":[46],"terminal.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"work,":[50],"introduces":[51],"a":[52,90,98,118,121,200],"traveling":[53],"wave":[54],"(TW)-based,":[55],"explainable":[56],"physics-informed":[57],"machine":[58],"learning":[59],"(PIML)":[60],"framework":[61,198],"for":[62],"distance":[65,134],"estimation":[66],"systems":[71],"comprising":[72],"both":[73],"grid-forming":[74],"(GFM)":[75],"grid-following":[77],"units.":[78],"The":[79],"method":[80],"extracts":[81],"high-frequency":[82],"features":[83],"measured":[85],"fault-induced":[86],"TWs":[88],"using":[89,132],"high-order":[91],"synchrosqueezing":[92],"transform":[93],"embeds":[95],"them":[96],"into":[97],"PIML":[99],"model":[100],"constrained":[101],"by":[102,179],"telegrapher\u2019s":[104],"equations.":[105],"To":[106],"resolve":[107],"cases":[108],"where":[109],"multiple":[110],"points":[112],"yield":[113],"single":[119],"terminal,":[120],"minimal-sensor":[122],"observability":[123],"mechanism":[124],"is":[125],"proposed":[126,197],"to":[127,183],"uniquely":[128],"identify":[129],"each":[130],"combined":[133],"signatures":[135],"selected":[137],"GFM":[138],"buses.":[139],"Shapley":[140],"additive":[141],"explanations":[142],"ensure":[143],"transparency":[144],"feature":[146],"influence":[147],"on":[148,158],"predicted":[150],"distance.":[152],"Electromagnetic":[153],"transient-grade":[154],"simulation":[155],"PSCAD/EMTDC":[157],"IEEE":[160],"9-bus":[161],"inverter-dominated":[162],"system":[163],"demonstrates":[164],"reliable":[165],"discrimination":[166],"close-in":[168],"reduces":[173],"test":[175],"mean":[176],"squared":[177],"error":[178],"approximately":[180],"74\u201388%":[181],"relative":[182],"three":[184],"state-of-the-art":[185],"data-driven":[186],"baselines":[187],"under":[188],"diverse":[189],"inverter":[190],"controls":[191],"conditions.":[194],"Overall,":[195],"provides":[199],"transparent":[201],"sensor-efficient":[203],"route":[204],"toward":[205],"protection-grade":[206],"fully":[210],"grids.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-06-26T00:00:00"}
