{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165366117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","title":"Benchmarking Landsat-8 Collection 2 Level-2 Land Surface Temperature Accuracy Using SURFRAD Stations: Effects of Seasonality and Atmospheric Water Vapor","display_name":"Benchmarking Landsat-8 Collection 2 Level-2 Land Surface Temperature Accuracy Using SURFRAD Stations: Effects of Seasonality and Atmospheric Water Vapor","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165366117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/atmos17060615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S946213959","display_name":"Atmosphere","issn_l":"2073-4433","issn":["2073-4433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099634175","display_name":"Almustafa Abd Elkader Ayek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5952-8239","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5952-8239"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107575416","display_name":"University of Aleppo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mzvxz96","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107575416"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Almustafa AbdElkader Ayek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Topography, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo 12212, Syria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5952-8239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Topography, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo 12212, Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107575416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117616601","display_name":"Mohannad Ali Loho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5024-9798","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5024-9798"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875646752","display_name":"Damascus University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m098d13","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875646752"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohannad Ali Loho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Damascus University, Damascus P.O. Box 30621, Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875646752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138966268","display_name":"Nasser Ibrahem","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasser Ibrahem","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Damascus P.O. Box 12586, Syria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Damascus P.O. Box 12586, Syria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136055170","display_name":"Afnan Abdullah Alturki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afnan Abdullah Alturki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045136121","display_name":"Youssef M. Youssef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-732X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-732X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130009713","display_name":"Suez University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndhrx30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youssef M. Youssef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geological and Geophysical Engineering Department, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-732X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geological and Geophysical Engineering Department, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139013711","display_name":"Mayada Abdelkader Abdelaziz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405264406","display_name":"Egyptian Chinese University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v527c20","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405264406"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88017793","display_name":"Port Said University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx5yq44","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88017793"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayada Abdelkader Abdelaziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of GIS and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Humanities, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo 11743, Egypt","Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Port Said University, Port Said 42524, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of GIS and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Humanities, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo 11743, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405264406"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Port Said University, Port Said 42524, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88017793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045136121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":3.9718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9073374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"615","last_page":"615"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.48559999465942383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.48559999465942383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.2538999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.16670000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-surface-temperature","display_name":"land surface temperature","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-product-validation","display_name":"satellite product validation","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-radiation-budget","display_name":"surface radiation budget","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-water-vapor","display_name":"atmospheric water vapor","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-bias","display_name":"retrieval bias","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain-complexity","display_name":"terrain complexity","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude-effects","display_name":"altitude effects","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-uncertainty","display_name":"retrieval uncertainty","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mountainous-areas","display_name":"mountainous terrain","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid-regions","display_name":"arid regions","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat","display_name":"urban heat","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-monitoring","display_name":"drought monitoring","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-monitoring","display_name":"climate monitoring","score":0.7580000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.8133999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125403950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111082","display_name":"Seasonality","level":2,"score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.5098999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5030999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983363897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Air temperature","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C607359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55078378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136628","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128990827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192830","display_name":"Coefficient of determination","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992384748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817101","display_name":"Atmospheric research","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/atmos17060615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S946213959","display_name":"Atmosphere","issn_l":"2073-4433","issn":["2073-4433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:43d8919d15e24ad688b0a1ecb8a36aa1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/43d8919d15e24ad688b0a1ecb8a36aa1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere, Vol 17, Iss 6, p 615 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/atmos17060615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17060615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S946213959","display_name":"Atmosphere","issn_l":"2073-4433","issn":["2073-4433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmosphere","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1892481930","https://openalex.org/W1966538081","https://openalex.org/W1969256532","https://openalex.org/W2006273284","https://openalex.org/W2008684942","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2067542652","https://openalex.org/W2076447280","https://openalex.org/W2081739004","https://openalex.org/W2087776137","https://openalex.org/W2103541076","https://openalex.org/W2166799431","https://openalex.org/W2547435995","https://openalex.org/W2663436183","https://openalex.org/W2791104390","https://openalex.org/W2791437969","https://openalex.org/W2804076223","https://openalex.org/W2804583155","https://openalex.org/W2951971207","https://openalex.org/W2999561773","https://openalex.org/W2999996652","https://openalex.org/W3012575662","https://openalex.org/W3020943541","https://openalex.org/W3047924345","https://openalex.org/W3049635110","https://openalex.org/W3116069133","https://openalex.org/W3197143060","https://openalex.org/W4210347916","https://openalex.org/W4224028591","https://openalex.org/W4290755251","https://openalex.org/W4400448497","https://openalex.org/W4403472109","https://openalex.org/W4404160381","https://openalex.org/W4404503939","https://openalex.org/W4406322634","https://openalex.org/W4406489245","https://openalex.org/W4406709096","https://openalex.org/W4406934618","https://openalex.org/W4407063724","https://openalex.org/W4407113829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3116069133","https://openalex.org/W2408871440","https://openalex.org/W2758384568","https://openalex.org/W3134237302","https://openalex.org/W2988320557","https://openalex.org/W3012575662","https://openalex.org/W7222767258","https://openalex.org/W2409579177","https://openalex.org/W4313524872","https://openalex.org/W2942239611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"Surface":[1,54],"Temperature":[2],"(LST)":[3],"is":[4],"essential":[5],"for":[6,252,260,335,349,376],"climate":[7,353],"monitoring,":[8],"drought":[9],"assessment,":[10],"and":[11,82,98,189,198,320,359,373,385],"urban":[12],"heat":[13],"analysis.":[14],"Despite":[15],"its":[16],"importance,":[17],"the":[18,41,66,70,109,113,214,315,331,337,363],"Landsat-8":[19,340],"Collection":[20],"2":[21],"Level-2":[22],"(C2L2)":[23],"LST":[24,115,324,342],"product":[25,116],"has":[26],"not":[27],"been":[28],"rigorously":[29],"validated":[30],"using":[31,46],"ground":[32],"measurements\u2014a":[33],"critical":[34],"gap":[35],"this":[36,328],"study":[37,329],"addresses.":[38],"We":[39],"present":[40],"first":[42,332],"comprehensive":[43,333],"accuracy":[44,148,301],"assessment":[45],"382":[47],"coincident":[48],"satellite\u2013ground":[49],"observations":[50],"collected":[51],"from":[52,238,248],"seven":[53],"Radiation":[55],"Budget":[56],"Network":[57],"(SURFRAD)":[58],"stations":[59,291],"distributed":[60],"across":[61,117],"diverse":[62],"climatic":[63],"regions":[64],"of":[65,88,93,96,104,112,121,129,176,317,339],"United":[67],"States":[68],"during":[69,151,165],"period":[71],"2023\u20132025.":[72],"The":[73,146,344],"validation":[74,371],"results":[75,345],"indicate":[76],"strong":[77],"overall":[78],"agreement":[79],"between":[80],"satellite-derived":[81],"ground-measured":[83],"temperatures,":[84],"yielding":[85],"an":[86],"RMSE":[87,245,281,286,303,308],"4.20":[89],"\u00b0C,":[90],"a":[91,99,118,125,135],"coefficient":[92,102],"determination":[94],"(R2)":[95],"0.91,":[97],"Pearson":[100],"correlation":[101],"(r)":[103],"0.98.":[105],"These":[106,208,312],"statistics":[107],"demonstrate":[108],"high":[110],"reliability":[111,338],"C2L2":[114,341],"wide":[119],"range":[120],"environmental":[122,360,367],"conditions.":[123],"Nevertheless,":[124],"systematic":[126],"warm":[127],"bias":[128],"1.75":[130],"\u00b0C":[131,251,256,259],"was":[132,149],"observed,":[133],"indicating":[134],"tendency":[136],"toward":[137],"temperature":[138],"overestimation.":[139],"Model":[140],"performance":[141,162,279],"exhibited":[142,277],"pronounced":[143],"seasonal":[144,219],"variability.":[145],"highest":[147],"achieved":[150],"winter":[152],"conditions":[153,368],"(RMSE":[154,168],"=":[155,159,169,173,196,201,282,287,304,309],"2.17":[156],"\u00b0C;":[157,171,284,306],"r":[158,172],"0.99),":[160],"whereas":[161,290],"declined":[163],"considerably":[164],"summer":[166],"months":[167],"5.84":[170],"0.91).":[174],"Analysis":[175],"atmospheric":[177,215,321,382],"water":[178],"vapor":[179],"content":[180],"revealed":[181,268],"significant":[182],"associations":[183],"with":[184,232,244],"retrieval":[185,222,229,325],"errors":[186],"at":[187,193],"high-elevation":[188],"arid":[190],"locations,":[191],"particularly":[192],"FPK":[194],"(r":[195,200],"0.78)":[197],"DRA":[199],"0.75),":[202],"based":[203],"on":[204,323],"106":[205],"matched":[206],"observations.":[207],"relationships":[209],"provide":[210,346],"important":[211],"insight":[212],"into":[213],"factors":[216],"contributing":[217],"to":[218,240,257],"variations":[220],"in":[221,293,352],"accuracy.":[223],"Temperature-dependent":[224],"analyses":[225],"further":[226],"demonstrated":[227],"that":[228],"uncertainty":[230],"increases":[231],"surface":[233,388],"temperature.":[234],"Performance":[235],"progressively":[236],"deteriorated":[237],"cooler":[239],"warmer":[241],"thermal":[242],"regimes,":[243],"values":[246],"increasing":[247],"approximately":[249],"2.05":[250],"temperatures":[253,261],"below":[254],"20":[255],"5.71":[258],"exceeding":[262],"40":[263],"\u00b0C.":[264],"Spatial":[265],"evaluation":[266],"also":[267],"substantial":[269],"differences":[270],"among":[271],"stations.":[272],"Relatively":[273],"homogeneous,":[274],"low-elevation":[275],"sites":[276],"superior":[278],"(GWN:":[280],"2.60":[283],"SXF:":[285],"2.55":[288],"\u00b0C),":[289],"located":[292],"mountainous":[294],"or":[295],"topographically":[296],"complex":[297],"environments":[298],"showed":[299],"reduced":[300],"(TBL:":[302],"5.14":[305],"FPK:":[307],"5.62":[310],"\u00b0C).":[311],"outcomes":[313],"emphasize":[314],"influence":[316],"terrain":[318],"complexity":[319],"heterogeneity":[322],"performance.":[326],"Overall,":[327],"establishes":[330],"benchmark":[334],"evaluating":[336],"products.":[343],"valuable":[347],"guidance":[348],"their":[350],"application":[351],"research,":[354],"precision":[355],"agriculture,":[356],"hydrological":[357],"modeling,":[358],"monitoring.":[361],"Furthermore,":[362],"findings":[364],"identify":[365],"specific":[366],"requiring":[369],"enhanced":[370],"efforts":[372],"suggest":[374],"opportunities":[375],"future":[377],"algorithm":[378],"refinement":[379],"through":[380],"improved":[381],"correction":[383],"procedures":[384],"more":[386],"accurate":[387],"emissivity":[389],"characterization.":[390]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-22T09:42:04.148104","created_date":"2026-06-20T00:00:00"}