{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164831431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","title":"Cartographie num\u00e9rique des sols du bassin arachidier s\u00e9n\u00e9galais : Mod\u00e9lisation spatiale de l\u2019azote, du phosphore et du potassium par krigeage de r\u00e9gression et apprentissage automatique","display_name":"Cartographie num\u00e9rique des sols du bassin arachidier s\u00e9n\u00e9galais : Mod\u00e9lisation spatiale de l\u2019azote, du phosphore et du potassium par krigeage de r\u00e9gression et apprentissage automatique","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164831431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491"},"language":"fr","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","pdf_url":"https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/21170/20559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764799362","display_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","issn_l":"1857-7431","issn":["1857-7431","1857-7881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800573","host_organization_name":"European Scientific Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Scientific Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/21170/20559","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115729173","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Ngor Sene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6300-816X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6300-816X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133343326","display_name":"Ziguinchor University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xprs690","country_code":"SN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}],"countries":["SN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Ngor Sene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055042546","display_name":"Yancouba San\u00e9","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133343326","display_name":"Ziguinchor University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xprs690","country_code":"SN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}],"countries":["SN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yancouba Sane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024955457","display_name":"Alexandre Badiane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3693-2151","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3693-2151"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131077856","display_name":"Centre de Coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05kpkpg04","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131077856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133343326","display_name":"Ziguinchor University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xprs690","country_code":"SN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}],"countries":["FR","SN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Badiane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal Centre de coop\u00e9ration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le d\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal Centre de coop\u00e9ration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le d\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131077856","https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054495094","display_name":"A\u00efdara C. A. Lamine Fall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133343326","display_name":"Ziguinchor University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xprs690","country_code":"SN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}],"countries":["SN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A\u00efdara Ch\u00e9rif Amadou Lamine Fall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Assane SECK de Ziguinchor, D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9ographie, Laboratoire de G\u00e9omatique et d\u2019Environnement (LGE), Ziguinchor, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133343326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077206711","display_name":"Modou Sene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7595-4229","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7595-4229"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Modou Sene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bureau d\u2019\u00e9tudes et de recherches sur la gestion des ressources naturelles pour le d\u00e9veloppement rural (BERGRN-DR), Thi\u00e8s, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bureau d\u2019\u00e9tudes et de recherches sur la gestion des ressources naturelles pour le d\u00e9veloppement rural (BERGRN-DR), Thi\u00e8s, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29698513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13058","display_name":"Soil and Land Suitability Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-soil-mapping","display_name":"digital soil mapping","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-nitrogen","display_name":"soil nitrogen","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/available-phosphorus","display_name":"available phosphorus","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exchangeable-potassium","display_name":"exchangeable potassium","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-kriging","display_name":"regression kriging","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-adaptive-regression-splines","display_name":"multivariate adaptive regression splines","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-fertility","display_name":"soil fertility","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiarid-soils","display_name":"semi-arid soils","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arachidier-basin","display_name":"arachidier basin","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-degradation","display_name":"soil degradation","score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-classes","display_name":"soil classes","score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-soil-samples","display_name":"composite soil samples","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.640999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517785266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q703","display_name":"Potassium","level":2,"score":0.24390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.24310000240802765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.24009999632835388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22759999334812164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83260615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6773121","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","level":2,"score":0.22589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.22450000047683716}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","pdf_url":"https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/21170/20559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764799362","display_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","issn_l":"1857-7431","issn":["1857-7431","1857-7881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800573","host_organization_name":"European Scientific Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Scientific Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esipreprint.6.2026.p491","pdf_url":"https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/21170/20559","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764799362","display_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","issn_l":"1857-7431","issn":["1857-7431","1857-7881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800573","host_organization_name":"European Scientific Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Scientific Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8409000039100647,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.7605999708175659,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7164831431.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7164831431.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1058055990","https://openalex.org/W1973273412","https://openalex.org/W1985642751","https://openalex.org/W1998025025","https://openalex.org/W2021134532","https://openalex.org/W2025014611","https://openalex.org/W2035871099","https://openalex.org/W2047516436","https://openalex.org/W2054325787","https://openalex.org/W2081340599","https://openalex.org/W2084829975","https://openalex.org/W2090334438","https://openalex.org/W2116395914","https://openalex.org/W2130560194","https://openalex.org/W2142411786","https://openalex.org/W2560136348","https://openalex.org/W2798064106","https://openalex.org/W2914965248","https://openalex.org/W2953121833","https://openalex.org/W2972050955","https://openalex.org/W3086056576","https://openalex.org/W3111077008","https://openalex.org/W4229562638"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172129529","https://openalex.org/W7155375946","https://openalex.org/W4206895316","https://openalex.org/W7161413211","https://openalex.org/W4319456640","https://openalex.org/W7147555348","https://openalex.org/W2779194281","https://openalex.org/W4392335541","https://openalex.org/W2581481477","https://openalex.org/W909795901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"La":[0,173,223],"fertilit\u00e9":[1],"des":[2,38,82,118,248,324],"sols":[3,83,114],"semi-arides":[4],"d\u2019Afrique":[5],"de":[6,28,73,79,103,110,113,129,140,157,245,283,308,310,312,326],"l\u2019Ouest,":[7],"en":[8,52,116,147,237],"particulier":[9],"du":[10,67,70,225,253,300],"bassin":[11,68],"arachidier":[12,69],"s\u00e9n\u00e9galais,":[13],"est":[14,175,210],"soumise":[15],"\u00e0":[16,32,46,329],"une":[17,77,293],"d\u00e9gradation":[18],"progressive":[19,350],"li\u00e9e":[20],"aux":[21],"pressions":[22],"anthropiques":[23],"et":[24,48,59,100,124,206,307],"climatiques.":[25],"En":[26,298],"l\u2019absence":[27,309],"cartes":[29,249,316],"p\u00e9dologiques":[30],"actualis\u00e9es":[31],"haute":[33],"r\u00e9solution,":[34],"la":[35,167,208,211],"gestion":[36],"raisonn\u00e9e":[37],"intrants":[39],"agricoles":[40],"reste":[41],"difficile.":[42],"Cette":[43],"\u00e9tude":[44],"vise":[45],"pr\u00e9dire":[47],"spatialiser":[49],"les":[50,189,235,315],"teneurs":[51],"azote":[53],"total":[54,380],"(N),":[55,382],"phosphore":[56,226,284],"disponible":[57],"(P)":[58],"potassium":[60,388],"\u00e9changeable":[61],"(K)":[62,389],"sur":[63],"148":[64],"433":[65],"polygones":[66],"S\u00e9n\u00e9gal":[71],"(Observatoire":[72],"Niakhar).":[74],"Elle":[75],"propose":[76],"approche":[78],"cartographie":[80],"num\u00e9rique":[81],"(CNS)":[84],"combinant":[85],"neuf":[86],"algorithmes":[87],"d\u2019apprentissage":[88],"automatique":[89],"(MLR,":[90,414],"Ridge,":[91,415],"Lasso,":[92,416],"PLSR,":[93,417],"MARS,":[94,418],"Random":[95,419],"Forest,":[96,420],"Cubist,":[97,421],"XGBoost,":[98,422],"SVM)":[99,423],"le":[101],"krigeage":[102,244],"r\u00e9gression":[104,246],"(KR).":[105],"Les":[106,183,255],"donn\u00e9es":[107],"d\u2019entra\u00eenement":[108,303],"proviennent":[109],"10":[111,136,148,432,452,462],"classes":[112,435],"pr\u00e9dictives":[115],"fonction":[117],"covariables":[119],"Scorpan":[120],"(V\u00e9g\u00e9tation,":[121],"topographie,":[122],"climat":[123],"g\u00e9ologie),":[125],"o\u00f9":[126],"un":[127,152,163,281],"pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement":[128],"100":[130,448],"\u00e9chantillons":[131,137,143,149],"a":[132,161,403,569,580],"\u00e9t\u00e9":[133,145],"effectu\u00e9":[134],"soit":[135,151],"par":[138,155,177],"classe":[139,156],"sols.":[141],"Ces":[142,290],"ont":[144],"regroup\u00e9s":[146],"composites":[150],"\u00e9chantillon":[153],"composite":[154,463],"sol,":[158],"ce":[159],"qui":[160],"donn\u00e9":[162],"effectif":[164,302],"r\u00e9el":[165],"pour":[166,192,214,233,323],"mod\u00e9lisation":[168],":":[169],"n":[170,477],"=":[171,195,199,204,217,221,240,261,266,271,287,305,478,499,502,505,516,519,535,552,555,560,574,592],"10).":[172],"validation":[174,178,313,600],"r\u00e9alis\u00e9e":[176],"crois\u00e9e":[179],"leave-one-out":[180,485],"(LOO-CV)":[181],"inter-clusters.":[182],"r\u00e9sultats":[184,291],"montrent":[185],"que":[186,207],"MARS":[187,491],"obtient":[188],"meilleures":[190],"performances":[191],"N":[193,260,497,551],"(R\u00b2":[194,216,230,498,515,526],"0,457":[196],";":[197,202,219,264,269],"RMSE":[198,501],"0,0187":[200],"%":[201,263],"RPD":[203,220,504,518],"1,43)":[205],"MLR":[209,508],"plus":[212],"robuste":[213],"K":[215,270,514,559],"0,386":[218],"1,35).":[222],"pr\u00e9diction":[224],"s\u2019av\u00e8re":[227],"particuli\u00e8rement":[228],"d\u00e9licate":[229],"<":[231,527],"0":[232,528],"tous":[234],"mod\u00e8les":[236],"LOO-CV,":[238],"CV":[239,534],"150":[241],"%).":[242],"Le":[243,275],"produit":[247],"choropl\u00e8thes":[250],"couvrant":[251],"l\u2019int\u00e9gralit\u00e9":[252],"domaine.":[254],"valeurs":[256],"m\u00e9dianes":[257],"pr\u00e9dites":[258],"sont":[259],"0,054":[262],"P":[265,554,573],"5,17":[267],"ppm":[268],"0,085":[272],"meq/100":[273,562],"g.":[274,563],"cluster":[276],"9":[277,565],"se":[278],"distingue":[279],"comme":[280],"hotspot":[282,571],"(P":[285],"moyen":[286],"31":[288,575],"ppm).":[289,576],"constituent":[292],"premi\u00e8re":[294],"base":[295],"cartographique":[296],"exploratoire.":[297],"raison":[299],"faible":[301],"(n":[304,591],"10)":[306,593],"jeu":[311],"ind\u00e9pendant,":[314],"ne":[317],"peuvent":[318],"pas":[319],"encore":[320],"\u00eatre":[321],"utilis\u00e9es":[322],"recommandations":[325],"fertilisation":[327],"pr\u00e9cises":[328],"l\u2019\u00e9chelle":[330],"parcellaire.":[331],"Soil":[332],"fertility":[333],"in":[334,342,532],"the":[335,343,359,395,493,510,543,586,595,602,613],"semi-arid":[336],"zones":[337],"of":[338,361,368,394,476,597],"West":[339],"Africa,":[340],"particularly":[341,524],"Senegalese":[344,396],"peanut":[345,397],"basin,":[346],"is":[347,509],"subject":[348],"to":[349,376,438],"degradation":[351],"driven":[352],"by":[353],"anthropogenic":[354],"and":[355,378,386,424,444,558,594],"climatic":[356],"pressures.":[357],"In":[358],"absence":[360,596],"up-to-date":[362],"high-resolution":[363],"soil":[364,405,434,455,467],"maps,":[365],"rational":[366],"management":[367],"agricultural":[369],"inputs":[370],"remains":[371],"difficult.":[372],"This":[373],"study":[374,545],"aims":[375],"predict":[377],"spatialize":[379],"nitrogen":[381],"available":[383],"phosphorus":[384,570],"(P),":[385],"exchangeable":[387],"contents":[390],"across":[391],"148,433":[392],"polygons":[393],"basin":[398],"(Niakhar":[399],"Observatory).":[400],"It":[401],"proposes":[402],"digital":[404],"mapping":[406],"(DSM)":[407],"approach":[408],"combining":[409],"nine":[410],"machine":[411],"learning":[412],"algorithms":[413],"regression":[425],"kriging":[426,538],"(RK).":[427],"Training":[428],"data":[429],"originate":[430],"from":[431,446],"predictive":[433],"defined":[436],"according":[437],"SCORPAN":[439],"covariates":[440],"(vegetation,":[441],"topography,":[442],"climate,":[443],"geology),":[445],"which":[447],"samples":[449,453,458],"were":[450,459],"collected,":[451],"per":[454,466],"class.":[456],"These":[457,577],"pooled":[460],"into":[461],"samples,":[464],"one":[465],"class,":[468],"yielding":[469],"an":[470,598],"effective":[471],"sample":[472,589],"size":[473,590],"for":[474,496,513,529,608],"modelling":[475],"10.":[479],"Validation":[480],"was":[481],"performed":[482],"using":[483],"inter-cluster":[484],"cross-validation":[486],"(LOO-CV).":[487],"Results":[488],"show":[489],"that":[490],"achieves":[492],"best":[494],"performance":[495],"0.457;":[500],"0.0187%;":[503],"1.43),":[506],"while":[507],"most":[511],"robust":[512],"0.386;":[517],"1.35).":[520],"Phosphorus":[521],"prediction":[522],"proves":[523],"challenging":[525],"all":[530],"models":[531],"LOO-CV;":[533],"150%).":[536],"Regression":[537],"produces":[539],"choropleth":[540],"maps":[541,603],"covering":[542],"entire":[544],"domain.":[546],"Median":[547],"predicted":[548],"values":[549],"are":[550],"0.054%,":[553],"5.17":[556],"ppm,":[557],"0.085":[561],"Cluster":[564],"stands":[566],"out":[567],"as":[568],"(mean":[572],"results":[578],"constitute":[579],"first":[581],"exploratory":[582],"cartographic":[583],"baseline.":[584],"Given":[585],"small":[587],"training":[588],"independent":[599],"dataset,":[601],"cannot":[604],"yet":[605],"be":[606],"used":[607],"precise":[609],"fertiliser":[610],"recommendations":[611],"at":[612],"field":[614],"scale.":[615]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-06-16T00:00:00"}