{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164743472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","title":"Ultrasonication-engineered urea nanomaterials: Chemical and morphological transformation toward enhanced fertilizer performance","display_name":"Ultrasonication-engineered urea nanomaterials: Chemical and morphological transformation toward enhanced fertilizer performance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164743472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287712","display_name":"Next Materials","issn_l":"2949-8228","issn":["2949-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038534664","display_name":"Aulia Dewi Rosanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-7863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-7863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143864","display_name":"Universitas Islam Kadiri","ror":"https://ror.org/048bfyy22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aulia Dewi Rosanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124921802","display_name":"Fahmi Hidayat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143864","display_name":"Universitas Islam Kadiri","ror":"https://ror.org/048bfyy22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148622","display_name":"Universitas Kadiri","ror":"https://ror.org/040n9c877","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148622"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahmi Hidayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864","https://openalex.org/I4210148622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062899414","display_name":"Widyana Rahmatika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6322-4951","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6322-4951"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143864","display_name":"Universitas Islam Kadiri","ror":"https://ror.org/048bfyy22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Widyana Rahmatika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083020591","display_name":"Nur Fitriyah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6102-2832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6102-2832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143864","display_name":"Universitas Islam Kadiri","ror":"https://ror.org/048bfyy22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nur Fitriyah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045683024","display_name":"Yuly Kusumawati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-3584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-3584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuly Kusumawati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013858221","display_name":"Yatim Lailun Ni\u2019mah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5477-5544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5477-5544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yatim Lailun Ni\u2019mah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060522007","display_name":"Zein Ahmad Baihaqi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-7537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-7537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154144","display_name":"National Research and Innovation Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02hmjzt55","country_code":"ID","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154144"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zein Ahmad Baihaqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138601177","display_name":"Junaidi Rio Syamsudin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8361-7388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8361-7388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143864","display_name":"Universitas Islam Kadiri","ror":"https://ror.org/048bfyy22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaidi Rio Syamsudin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138620309","display_name":"Muhammad Achsin Suryo Alam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143864","display_name":"Universitas Islam Kadiri","ror":"https://ror.org/048bfyy22","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Achsin Suryo Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Of Agrotechnology, Universitas Islam Kadiri, Jl.Sersan Suharmaji No.38, Kota Kediri 64128, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038534664","https://openalex.org/A5045683024"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116","https://openalex.org/I4210143864"],"apc_list":{"value":1280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1280},"apc_paid":{"value":1280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1280},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"102517","last_page":"102517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12642","display_name":"Polymer-Based Agricultural Enhancements","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12642","display_name":"Polymer-Based Agricultural Enhancements","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nano-urea","display_name":"nano urea","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound-assisted-synthesis","display_name":"sonochemical synthesis","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-use-efficiency","display_name":"nitrogen use efficiency","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweet-corn","display_name":"sweet corn","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-release-kinetics","display_name":"nitrogen release kinetics","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chlorophyll-content","display_name":"chlorophyll content","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-uptake","display_name":"nitrogen uptake","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-fertilization","display_name":"sustainable fertilization","score":0.7689999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5993000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48318","display_name":"Urea","level":2,"score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149849071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816","display_name":"Chemical composition","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537208039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627","display_name":"Nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.2353000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760","display_name":"Fermentation","level":2,"score":0.23180000483989716}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287712","display_name":"Next Materials","issn_l":"2949-8228","issn":["2949-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59e8322626d94b82a65cb786d500ea44","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59e8322626d94b82a65cb786d500ea44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials, Vol 12, Iss , Pp 102517- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287712","display_name":"Next Materials","issn_l":"2949-8228","issn":["2949-8228"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.991100013256073,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319804","display_name":"Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327937","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966177413","https://openalex.org/W2088573979","https://openalex.org/W2109975683","https://openalex.org/W2160760663","https://openalex.org/W2275885462","https://openalex.org/W2299760854","https://openalex.org/W2507170860","https://openalex.org/W2582594309","https://openalex.org/W2797988139","https://openalex.org/W2893841664","https://openalex.org/W3020180289","https://openalex.org/W3021678356","https://openalex.org/W3046482011","https://openalex.org/W3111218255","https://openalex.org/W3119208868","https://openalex.org/W3121429692","https://openalex.org/W3127815094","https://openalex.org/W3134539779","https://openalex.org/W3171964295","https://openalex.org/W3206620791","https://openalex.org/W3214806669","https://openalex.org/W4200045613","https://openalex.org/W4200306151","https://openalex.org/W4220978640","https://openalex.org/W4284992917","https://openalex.org/W4308994255","https://openalex.org/W4316673594","https://openalex.org/W4366282704","https://openalex.org/W4380087045","https://openalex.org/W4383218483","https://openalex.org/W4383220450","https://openalex.org/W4386888885","https://openalex.org/W4387568919","https://openalex.org/W4388240398","https://openalex.org/W4388895652","https://openalex.org/W4389889587","https://openalex.org/W4390430824","https://openalex.org/W4390483468","https://openalex.org/W4390751312","https://openalex.org/W4390893876","https://openalex.org/W4391270200","https://openalex.org/W4391332234","https://openalex.org/W4396731897","https://openalex.org/W4396898901","https://openalex.org/W4399284375","https://openalex.org/W4399429207","https://openalex.org/W4399973038","https://openalex.org/W4401097464","https://openalex.org/W4401189054","https://openalex.org/W4402208549","https://openalex.org/W4402796795","https://openalex.org/W4405356719","https://openalex.org/W4405870416","https://openalex.org/W4406307917","https://openalex.org/W4407994517","https://openalex.org/W4408499548","https://openalex.org/W4408614152","https://openalex.org/W4409258366","https://openalex.org/W4409989556","https://openalex.org/W4410243255","https://openalex.org/W4410452120","https://openalex.org/W4411216430","https://openalex.org/W4412662069","https://openalex.org/W4413763233","https://openalex.org/W4413928704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214886590","https://openalex.org/W7212161942","https://openalex.org/W4414751036","https://openalex.org/W7214900095","https://openalex.org/W7117421340","https://openalex.org/W4383218483","https://openalex.org/W4366823425","https://openalex.org/W4401840062","https://openalex.org/W7167638288","https://openalex.org/W7160126249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"urea":[1,25,37,51,55,157,176,210,272,280],"fertilizers":[2],"are":[3],"highly":[4],"susceptible":[5],"to":[6,187,204,257],"nitrogen":[7,219,234,242,266],"losses":[8],"through":[9],"volatilization":[10],"and":[11,19,39,54,73,87,102,108,121,154,182,218,248,264,296],"leaching,":[12],"resulting":[13],"in":[14,76,114,131,278],"low":[15],"nitrogen-use":[16],"efficiency":[17],"(NUE)":[18],"increased":[20],"environmental":[21],"impacts.":[22],"Although":[23],"nano":[24,36,271],"has":[26],"emerged":[27],"as":[28,288],"a":[29,64,169,183,239,275,289],"promising":[30],"alternative,":[31],"comparative":[32],"studies":[33],"on":[34],"ultrasonication-engineered":[35],"systems":[38],"their":[40],"integration":[41],"with":[42,94,173],"conventional":[43,156,175,279],"fertilization":[44,291],"strategies":[45],"remain":[46],"limited.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"study,":[50],"nanopowder":[52],"(UNS)":[53],"nanofluid":[56],"(UNF)":[57],"were":[58,141],"synthesized":[59],"via":[60],"ultrasonication-assisted":[61],"processing":[62],"using":[63],"urea\u2013trisodium":[65],"citrate":[66],"precursor":[67],"system,":[68],"followed":[69],"by":[70],"physicochemical":[71],"characterization":[72],"agronomic":[74,253],"evaluation":[75,126],"sweet":[77],"corn":[78],"(Zea":[79],"mays":[80],"var.":[81],"saccharata).":[82],"Ultrasonication":[83],"at":[84],"30":[85],"kHz":[86],"200":[88],"W":[89],"successfully":[90],"produced":[91,200],"nanoscale":[92],"particles":[93],"average":[95],"diameters":[96],"of":[97,151,163,202],"9.4":[98],"nm":[99,104],"for":[100,105,293],"UNS":[101,153,190,237],"7.3":[103],"UNF.":[106],"FTIR":[107],"FESEM\u2013EDX":[109],"analyses":[110],"confirmed":[111],"ultrasonication-induced":[112],"modifications":[113],"molecular":[115],"interactions,":[116,260],"surface":[117,259],"morphology,":[118],"elemental":[119],"distribution,":[120],"particle":[122],"stabilization":[123],"behavior.":[124],"Field":[125],"showed":[127],"no":[128],"significant":[129],"differences":[130],"vegetative":[132],"growth":[133],"parameters":[134],"(p":[135,144],">":[136],"0.05),":[137],"whereas":[138,236],"yield-related":[139],"traits":[140],"significantly":[142],"improved":[143,252],"<":[145],"0.05).":[146],"The":[147,251],"hybrid":[148,198,270],"formulation":[149],"consisting":[150],"60%":[152,276],"40%":[155],"(P6)":[158],"achieved":[159],"the":[160,174,188,196,226,269],"highest":[161,227],"productivity":[162],"26.97":[164],"t":[165,180,193,206],"ha\u207b\u00b9":[166,207],",":[167],"representing":[168],"9.2%":[170],"increase":[171,185],"compared":[172],"treatment":[177,191,199],"alone":[178],"(24.71":[179],"ha\u207b\u00b9)":[181],"30.7%":[184],"relative":[186],"100%":[189],"(20.64":[192],"ha\u207b\u00b9).":[194],"Similarly,":[195],"UNF-based":[197],"yields":[201],"up":[203],"25.73":[205],".":[208],"Nano":[209],"application":[211,281],"also":[212],"enhanced":[213,258],"chlorophyll":[214],"content,":[215],"leaf":[216],"thickness,":[217],"uptake":[220],"efficiency.":[221],"Notably,":[222],"standalone":[223],"UNF":[224],"exhibited":[225],"NUE":[228,295],"(90.95%),":[229],"indicating":[230],"more":[231,240],"efficient":[232],"initial":[233],"synchronization,":[235],"provided":[238],"sustained":[241],"release":[243],"that":[244],"promoted":[245],"biomass":[246],"accumulation":[247],"yield":[249],"formation.":[250],"performance":[254],"was":[255],"attributed":[256],"controlled":[261],"nutrient":[262],"release,":[263],"reduced":[265],"loss.":[267],"Furthermore,":[268],"strategy":[273],"enabled":[274],"reduction":[277],"without":[282],"compromising":[283],"productivity,":[284],"highlighting":[285],"its":[286],"potential":[287],"sustainable":[290],"approach":[292],"enhancing":[294],"supporting":[297],"environmentally":[298],"responsible":[299],"crop":[300],"production.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-06-15T00:00:00"}
