{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164171925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","title":"Engineering Organoid Platforms for Pathogenesis Research","display_name":"Engineering Organoid Platforms for Pathogenesis Research","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164171925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42553490","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13433924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.34133/research.1346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218516","display_name":"Research","issn_l":"2639-5274","issn":["2639-5274"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125685237","display_name":"Xiang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-4204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-4204"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044938342","display_name":"Xiaolu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4586-9293","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4586-9293"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138366990","display_name":"Jiahui Bai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030554560","display_name":"Weiming Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-4118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-4118"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080 Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080 Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144314288","display_name":"Jie Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, \rThe University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, \rThe University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101639847","display_name":"Lihua Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2592-7998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2592-7998","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0818-1392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0818-1392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136912834","display_name":"Xiang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4372-4627","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4372-4627"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4372-4627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100071 Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101639847","https://openalex.org/A5136912834","https://openalex.org/A5144314288"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":0.9927,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76254285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1346","last_page":"1346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10505","display_name":"Pluripotent Stem Cells Research","score":0.013399999588727951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12264","display_name":"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organoids","display_name":"organoids","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-model","display_name":"infection model","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-pathogenesis","display_name":"viral pathogenesis","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-matrix","display_name":"extracellular matrix","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intestinal-organoids","display_name":"intestinal organoids","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-organoids","display_name":"brain organoids","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-tropism","display_name":"viral tropism","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-kinetics","display_name":"infection kinetics","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host-immune-response","display_name":"host immune response","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-drug-screening","display_name":"antiviral drug screening","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organ-on-a-chip","display_name":"organ-on-a-chip","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-bioprinting","display_name":"3D bioprinting","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-culture","display_name":"co-culture","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host-pathogen-interaction","display_name":"host-pathogen interaction","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-infectious-diseases","display_name":"emerging infectious diseases","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-biology","display_name":"synthetic biology","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31695470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11293125","display_name":"Organoid","level":2,"score":0.6169000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.22059999406337738}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.34133/research.1346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218516","display_name":"Research","issn_l":"2639-5274","issn":["2639-5274"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42553490","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42553490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13433924","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13433924/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research (Wash D C)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a649bd384c6340c087f7e9f23c82cfb9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a649bd384c6340c087f7e9f23c82cfb9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research, Vol 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.34133/research.1346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.1346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210218516","display_name":"Research","issn_l":"2639-5274","issn":["2639-5274"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991726152","https://openalex.org/W2072824005","https://openalex.org/W2094191556","https://openalex.org/W2099147305","https://openalex.org/W2102560467","https://openalex.org/W2123046057","https://openalex.org/W2126309815","https://openalex.org/W2148183046","https://openalex.org/W2282335838","https://openalex.org/W2311770845","https://openalex.org/W2441337908","https://openalex.org/W2472202054","https://openalex.org/W2786631874","https://openalex.org/W2806422799","https://openalex.org/W2807853324","https://openalex.org/W2811445508","https://openalex.org/W2901391118","https://openalex.org/W2917423992","https://openalex.org/W2924454562","https://openalex.org/W2943573549","https://openalex.org/W2978986459","https://openalex.org/W2988904063","https://openalex.org/W2993100526","https://openalex.org/W3007696870","https://openalex.org/W3009694030","https://openalex.org/W3013328750","https://openalex.org/W3020909574","https://openalex.org/W3024445339","https://openalex.org/W3025629780","https://openalex.org/W3040646360","https://openalex.org/W3100583104","https://openalex.org/W3131304542","https://openalex.org/W3157288445","https://openalex.org/W3179645528","https://openalex.org/W3183165098","https://openalex.org/W3187761274","https://openalex.org/W3188392127","https://openalex.org/W3199389718","https://openalex.org/W3206497217","https://openalex.org/W3210454589","https://openalex.org/W4210700717","https://openalex.org/W4211238337","https://openalex.org/W4220782307","https://openalex.org/W4223453653","https://openalex.org/W4281396528","https://openalex.org/W4283013549","https://openalex.org/W4298326006","https://openalex.org/W4318539305","https://openalex.org/W4320857268","https://openalex.org/W4366140619","https://openalex.org/W4378516077","https://openalex.org/W4381612640","https://openalex.org/W4381615795","https://openalex.org/W4381684291","https://openalex.org/W4385492655","https://openalex.org/W4389074224","https://openalex.org/W4390097218","https://openalex.org/W4391826294","https://openalex.org/W4392363748","https://openalex.org/W4393160505","https://openalex.org/W4393186540","https://openalex.org/W4393934717","https://openalex.org/W4395663859","https://openalex.org/W4396720899","https://openalex.org/W4396921522","https://openalex.org/W4398166745","https://openalex.org/W4401433701","https://openalex.org/W4401544525","https://openalex.org/W4403271739","https://openalex.org/W4404224728","https://openalex.org/W4404585641","https://openalex.org/W4404623847","https://openalex.org/W4404867216","https://openalex.org/W4405248716","https://openalex.org/W4406883594","https://openalex.org/W4407838710","https://openalex.org/W4407935141","https://openalex.org/W4408058476","https://openalex.org/W4408091794","https://openalex.org/W4409990638","https://openalex.org/W4410312042","https://openalex.org/W4410375704","https://openalex.org/W4410456212","https://openalex.org/W4410543523","https://openalex.org/W4410546397","https://openalex.org/W4411173944","https://openalex.org/W4411246386","https://openalex.org/W4411285732","https://openalex.org/W4411407763","https://openalex.org/W4411841958","https://openalex.org/W4412737069","https://openalex.org/W4413784085","https://openalex.org/W4414039329","https://openalex.org/W4414077200","https://openalex.org/W4414345276","https://openalex.org/W4415200697","https://openalex.org/W4415293081","https://openalex.org/W4415373914","https://openalex.org/W4415421635","https://openalex.org/W4415945499","https://openalex.org/W4416140570","https://openalex.org/W7125825102","https://openalex.org/W7127295725","https://openalex.org/W7127953033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160844055","https://openalex.org/W4412354031","https://openalex.org/W7161637739","https://openalex.org/W7128765914","https://openalex.org/W4283691767","https://openalex.org/W4413828699","https://openalex.org/W7124680005","https://openalex.org/W3196147082","https://openalex.org/W4407793204","https://openalex.org/W4391613857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"and":[1,16,37,58,73,94,111,122,139,148,173,185,198,206,213,227],"re-emerging":[2],"infectious":[3],"diseases":[4],"ranging":[5],"from":[6],"the":[7,13,32,55,71,102,129,192],"1918":[8],"H1N1":[9],"influenza":[10],"pandemic":[11],"to":[12,21,25],"recent":[14],"SARS-CoV-2":[15],"monkeypox":[17],"virus":[18],"outbreaks":[19],"continue":[20],"pose":[22],"profound":[23],"threats":[24],"global":[26,239],"public":[27],"health.":[28],"These":[29,176],"crises":[30],"underscore":[31],"critical":[33],"need":[34],"for":[35,49,86,115],"high-fidelity":[36],"human-relevant":[38],"infection":[39,78,120],"models.":[40],"Organoid":[41],"technology":[42],"has":[43],"emerged":[44],"as":[45,171],"a":[46],"cornerstone":[47],"platform":[48],"pathogen":[50],"research":[51],"by":[52,203],"faithfully":[53],"recapitulating":[54],"3-dimensional":[56],"architecture":[57],"physiological":[59,146],"microenvironment":[60],"of":[61,76,105,132,234],"native":[62],"human":[63],"tissues":[64],"in":[65,134,221],"vitro.":[66],"This":[67],"review":[68],"systematically":[69],"examines":[70],"development":[72],"structural":[74],"refinement":[75,212],"organoid-based":[77],"models":[79,107],"with":[80,157],"an":[81],"emphasis":[82],"on":[83],"evidence-based":[84],"strategies":[85],"stem":[87],"cell":[88],"source":[89],"selection,":[90],"extracellular":[91],"matrix":[92],"optimization,":[93],"dynamic":[95],"culture":[96],"system":[97],"engineering.":[98],"Such":[99],"advancements":[100],"enable":[101],"robust":[103],"generation":[104],"multi-organ":[106],"including":[108,161],"respiratory,":[109],"intestinal,":[110],"neural":[112],"organoids":[113,133,216],"tailored":[114],"investigating":[116],"viral":[117],"tropism,":[118],"spatiotemporal":[119],"kinetics,":[121],"host":[123],"immune":[124],"responses.":[125],"Furthermore,":[126],"we":[127,189],"evaluate":[128],"translational":[130],"utility":[131],"high-throughput":[135],"antiviral":[136],"drug":[137],"screening":[138],"preclinical":[140],"vaccine":[141],"assessment.":[142],"To":[143],"further":[144],"enhance":[145],"relevance":[147],"functional":[149],"fidelity,":[150],"organoid":[151],"platforms":[152,229],"are":[153],"being":[154],"increasingly":[155],"combined":[156],"advanced":[158],"engineering":[159],"strategies,":[160],"coculture":[162],"approaches,":[163],"CRISPR-Cas9-mediated":[164],"genetic":[165],"perturbation,":[166],"engineered":[167],"microphysiological":[168],"systems":[169],"(such":[170],"organ-on-a-chip),":[172],"3D":[174],"bioprinting.":[175],"integrated":[177],"technologies":[178],"improve":[179],"biomimicry":[180],"while":[181,237],"expanding":[182],"experimental":[183],"controllability":[184],"scalability.":[186],"In":[187],"addition,":[188],"critically":[190],"examine":[191],"major":[193],"bottlenecks":[194],"limiting":[195],"clinical":[196],"translation":[197],"discuss":[199],"emerging":[200,242],"frontiers":[201],"driven":[202],"artificial":[204],"intelligence":[205],"synthetic":[207],"biology.":[208],"Through":[209],"iterative":[210],"technological":[211],"cross-disciplinary":[214],"convergence,":[215],"have":[217],"evolved":[218],"beyond":[219],"reductionist":[220],"vitro":[222],"surrogates":[223],"into":[224],"physiologically":[225],"informed":[226],"mechanism-driven":[228],"that":[230],"advance":[231],"our":[232],"understanding":[233],"host-pathogen":[235],"interactions":[236],"enhancing":[238],"preparedness":[240],"against":[241],"pathogens.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-06-11T00:00:00"}