{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164045801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","title":"A hybrid reinforcement learning and Harris Hawks Optimization framework for multi-objective resource management in IIoT","display_name":"A hybrid reinforcement learning and Harris Hawks Optimization framework for multi-objective resource management in IIoT","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164045801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-70583-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-70583-6_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059996473","display_name":"Suresh Dara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-8701","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-8701"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726783","display_name":"VIT-AP University","ror":"https://ror.org/007v4hf75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suresh Dara","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, 522241, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-8701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, 522241, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022306816","display_name":"Mourad Elloumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0570-4309","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0570-4309"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mourad Elloumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Bisha, Bisha, 67714, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Bisha, Bisha, 67714, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069274657","display_name":"Mohan Allam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3117-6047","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3117-6047"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726783","display_name":"VIT-AP University","ror":"https://ror.org/007v4hf75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohan Allam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, 522241, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, 522241, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031263020","display_name":"Visalakshi Annepu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-1898","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-1898"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726783","display_name":"VIT-AP University","ror":"https://ror.org/007v4hf75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Visalakshi Annepu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, 522241, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, 522241, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119400138","display_name":"VenkataSeshaiah Banka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkataseshaiah Banka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concentrix Corp, 4509 S 215th Ave, Elkhorn, 68022, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concentrix Corp, 4509 S 215th Ave, Elkhorn, 68022, NE, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090007287","display_name":"Ezzeddine Touti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-9528","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-9528"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezzeddine Touti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Scientific Research and Entrepreneurship, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Scientific Research and Entrepreneurship, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059996473"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726783"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34051181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8804000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8804000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-internet-of-things","display_name":"Industrial Internet of Things","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"resource allocation","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harris-hawks-optimization","display_name":"Harris Hawks Optimization","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-optimization","display_name":"hybrid optimization","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency-reduction","display_name":"latency reduction","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"quality of service","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-inspired-algorithms","display_name":"bio-inspired algorithms","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-networks","display_name":"industrial networks","score":0.3440000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7202000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6363000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198783460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629173","display_name":"Management system","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202839342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60740481","display_name":"Industrial Internet","level":3,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8816202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4476407","display_name":"Systems management","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777958785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120940","display_name":"Resource efficiency","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-70583-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9522066/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9522066/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9522066/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-9522066/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70583-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-70583-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319621","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328654","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7164045801.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7164045801.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394938887","https://openalex.org/W4404688256","https://openalex.org/W4411725399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417057002","https://openalex.org/W7133520490","https://openalex.org/W4282008161","https://openalex.org/W4221166575","https://openalex.org/W4409724430","https://openalex.org/W4413068635","https://openalex.org/W4404520562","https://openalex.org/W7165539065","https://openalex.org/W4415953280","https://openalex.org/W4388721150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,101,130,193],"Industrial":[2],"Internet":[3],"of":[4,34,51,91],"Things":[5],"(IIoT)":[6],"is":[7],"revolutionizing":[8],"industrial":[9,52,212],"processes":[10],"by":[11],"interconnecting":[12],"sensors,":[13],"machines,":[14],"and":[15,24,32,48,76,89,127,136,163,171,178,188,207,221],"computing":[16],"resources":[17,35,177],"to":[18,44,63,146],"enable":[19],"intelligent":[20],"automation,":[21],"real-time":[22,109],"monitoring,":[23],"predictive":[25],"maintenance.":[26],"Despite":[27],"its":[28],"potential,":[29],"efficient":[30,208],"allocation":[31,59],"management":[33,96],"in":[36,190],"IIoT":[37,99,191,223],"networks":[38],"remain":[39],"a":[40,205],"significant":[41],"challenge":[42],"due":[43],"the":[45,87,144,157,215],"dynamic,":[46],"heterogeneous,":[47],"large-scale":[49],"nature":[50],"environments.":[53],"Traditional":[54],"static":[55,162],"or":[56],"heuristic":[57,164],"resource":[58,95,139],"methods":[60],"often":[61],"fail":[62],"satisfy":[64],"conflicting":[65],"objectives":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68],"minimizing":[69],"latency,":[70],"maximizing":[71],"throughput,":[72],"ensuring":[73],"energy":[74],"efficiency,":[75,168],"maintaining":[77],"system":[78,97,102,134,159,180,183],"reliability.":[79],"To":[80],"address":[81],"these":[82],"challenges,":[83],"this":[84,182],"paper":[85],"presents":[86],"design":[88],"development":[90],"an":[92],"AI-based":[93],"multi-objective":[94,117],"for":[98,107,116,210,217],"systems.":[100,224],"integrates":[103],"reinforcement":[104],"learning":[105],"(RL)":[106],"adaptive,":[108],"decision-making":[110,199],"with":[111,200],"Harris":[112],"Hawks":[113],"Optimization":[114],"(HHO)":[115],"optimization,":[118],"balancing":[119],"competing":[120],"performance":[121,149],"metrics":[122],"across":[123],"sensing,":[124],"communication,":[125],"computing,":[126],"control":[128],"layers.":[129],"RL":[131],"agent":[132],"predicts":[133],"states":[135],"dynamically":[137],"adjusts":[138],"allocation,":[140],"while":[141],"HHO":[142],"fine-tunes":[143],"solutions":[145],"achieve":[147],"optimal":[148],"under":[150],"multiple":[151],"constraints.":[152],"Simulation":[153],"studies":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"that":[156,196],"proposed":[158],"outperforms":[160],"conventional":[161],"approaches,":[165],"achieving":[166],"higher":[167],"faster":[169],"adaptability,":[170],"improved":[172],"scalability.":[173],"By":[174],"intelligently":[175],"managing":[176],"optimizing":[179],"behavior,":[181],"enhances":[184],"overall":[185],"operational":[186],"reliability":[187],"Quality-of-Service":[189],"networks.":[192],"results":[194],"indicate":[195],"combining":[197],"AI-driven":[198],"advanced":[201],"nature-inspired":[202],"optimization":[203],"provides":[204],"robust":[206],"solution":[209],"next-generation":[211],"applications,":[213],"paving":[214],"way":[216],"more":[218],"intelligent,":[219],"resilient,":[220],"resource-efficient":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}