{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164012000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","title":"Spatial non-stationarity in son preference: a district-level geographically weighted regression analysis of NFHS-5 in India","display_name":"Spatial non-stationarity in son preference: a district-level geographically weighted regression analysis of NFHS-5 in India","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164012000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42265666","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13536809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28612791","display_name":"International Journal of Health Geographics","issn_l":"1476-072X","issn":["1476-072X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Geographics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113232017","display_name":"Soumen Barik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9639-0463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9639-0463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197882922","display_name":"International Institute for Population Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0178xk096","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197882922"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soumen Barik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fertility & Social Demography, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9639-0463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fertility & Social Demography, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197882922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024284458","display_name":"Dewaram Abhiman Nagdeve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6943-4323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6943-4323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197882922","display_name":"International Institute for Population Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0178xk096","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197882922"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dewaram A. Nagdeve","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fertility & Social Demography, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6943-4323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fertility & Social Demography, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, 400088, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197882922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072986311","display_name":"Anuj Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-4052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-4052","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8661-2013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405284359","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Ranchi","ror":"https://ror.org/03desb770","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405284359"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anuj Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sciences (Mathematics), Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Ranchi, 835217, Jharkhand, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-4052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sciences (Mathematics), Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Ranchi, 835217, Jharkhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405284359"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017387203","display_name":"Mayank Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6895","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6603-3815"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125823","display_name":"KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03aam9155","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125823"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mayank Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, KAHER, Belgaum, 590010, Karnataka, India. singhmayank.251195@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5350-6895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, KAHER, Belgaum, 590010, Karnataka, India. singhmayank.251195@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125823"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017387203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125823"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":12.0217,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96843631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10209","display_name":"Global Maternal and Child Health","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/son-preference","display_name":"son preference","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-non-stationarity","display_name":"spatial non-stationarity","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographically-weighted-regression","display_name":"geographically weighted regression","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-illiteracy","display_name":"maternal illiteracy","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-size","display_name":"household size","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parity","display_name":"parity","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-age","display_name":"maternal age","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-media-exposure","display_name":"mass media exposure","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patriarchy","display_name":"patriarchy","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-transformative-policy","display_name":"gender-transformative policy","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nfhs-5","display_name":"NFHS-5","score":0.640999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99656134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912993","display_name":"Ordinary least squares","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910321205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geographically Weighted Regression","level":2,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777151079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141160","display_name":"Parity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781096014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105473709","display_name":"Spatial inequality","level":3,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152545","display_name":"Functional illiteracy","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61980418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2221906","display_name":"Location","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201780435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286542","display_name":"Health geography","level":5,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068916","descriptor_name":"Spatial Regression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006306","descriptor_name":"Health Surveys","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007194","descriptor_name":"India","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28612791","display_name":"International Journal of Health Geographics","issn_l":"1476-072X","issn":["1476-072X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Geographics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8742691/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8742691/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8742691/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8742691/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42265666","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42265666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of health geographics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13536809","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13536809/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Health Geogr","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4b4739a25a3e445a88bf0d5b848112f7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4b4739a25a3e445a88bf0d5b848112f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Geographics, Vol 25, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-026-00475-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28612791","display_name":"International Journal of Health Geographics","issn_l":"1476-072X","issn":["1476-072X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Geographics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303},{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6025999784469604}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7164012000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7164012000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488999122","https://openalex.org/W1497625654","https://openalex.org/W1578217258","https://openalex.org/W1584513777","https://openalex.org/W1657600689","https://openalex.org/W1967137980","https://openalex.org/W1969182143","https://openalex.org/W1986505685","https://openalex.org/W1987333601","https://openalex.org/W1994420276","https://openalex.org/W2008569034","https://openalex.org/W2016632170","https://openalex.org/W2028503631","https://openalex.org/W2032821696","https://openalex.org/W2043185881","https://openalex.org/W2046295020","https://openalex.org/W2058483567","https://openalex.org/W2074655452","https://openalex.org/W2101947158","https://openalex.org/W2111814589","https://openalex.org/W2123292394","https://openalex.org/W2124148838","https://openalex.org/W2138980537","https://openalex.org/W2139821597","https://openalex.org/W2144781675","https://openalex.org/W2150427162","https://openalex.org/W2153684978","https://openalex.org/W2160104614","https://openalex.org/W2165187947","https://openalex.org/W2182913202","https://openalex.org/W2464805226","https://openalex.org/W2540624958","https://openalex.org/W2940124361","https://openalex.org/W2946344067","https://openalex.org/W2950270974","https://openalex.org/W2950395391","https://openalex.org/W2950611871","https://openalex.org/W3116203438","https://openalex.org/W3122231766","https://openalex.org/W3134905741","https://openalex.org/W3144183865","https://openalex.org/W3181869980","https://openalex.org/W4210376777","https://openalex.org/W4210850248","https://openalex.org/W4212876955","https://openalex.org/W4250801202","https://openalex.org/W4251335832","https://openalex.org/W4310470159","https://openalex.org/W4313316375","https://openalex.org/W4313584343","https://openalex.org/W4321600219","https://openalex.org/W4322617621","https://openalex.org/W4379648140","https://openalex.org/W4387915433","https://openalex.org/W4400301542","https://openalex.org/W4411384417","https://openalex.org/W4412828933","https://openalex.org/W4416347683","https://openalex.org/W4416393311","https://openalex.org/W7125499636","https://openalex.org/W7161638153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390476499","https://openalex.org/W4310470159","https://openalex.org/W4416347683","https://openalex.org/W4412605562","https://openalex.org/W2085465561","https://openalex.org/W7216669382","https://openalex.org/W1987333601","https://openalex.org/W7171920063","https://openalex.org/W4251335832","https://openalex.org/W7161638153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Son":[0,115,207],"preference":[1,36,116,208],"remains":[2],"a":[3,66,210],"key":[4],"driver":[5],"of":[6,34,81,96,242],"gender":[7],"inequality":[8],"in":[9,112,177,195,201],"India,":[10,197],"yet":[11],"most":[12],"studies":[13],"treat":[14],"its":[15,40],"determinants":[16],"as":[17,227],"uniform":[18],"across":[19],"space,":[20],"obscuring":[21],"critical":[22],"subnational":[23],"variation.":[24],"Addressing":[25],"this":[26,28],"gap,":[27],"study":[29],"investigates":[30],"the":[31,58,239],"geographic":[32],"heterogeneity":[33],"son":[35],"and":[37,45,89,149,189,220,233],"examines":[38],"how":[39],"predictors":[41],"vary":[42],"spatially.":[43],"Data":[44],"methods":[46],"Using":[47],"district-level":[48],"data":[49],"on":[50],"102,045":[51],"ever":[52],"married":[53],"women":[54],"aged":[55],"15\u201349":[56],"from":[57],"National":[59],"Family":[60],"Health":[61],"Survey-5":[62],"(2019\u20132021),":[63],"we":[64],"applied":[65],"spatially":[67,211],"explicit":[68],"analytical":[69],"framework,":[70],"including":[71],"choropleth":[72],"mapping,":[73,86],"Global":[74,120],"Moran\u2019s":[75,121],"I,":[76],"hotspot":[77],"analysis,":[78],"Local":[79,171],"Indicators":[80],"Spatial":[82],"Association":[83],"(LISA)":[84],"cluster":[85],"kriging":[87],"interpolation,":[88],"Geographically":[90,222],"Weighted":[91],"Regression":[92],"(GWR).":[93],"The":[94],"use":[95],"GWR":[97,156],"was":[98],"justified":[99],"by":[100,216],"significant":[101,131,136],"spatial":[102,205],"non-stationarity":[103],"(Koenker":[104],"BP":[105],"=":[106,125],"32.78,":[107],"p":[108,127],"<":[109,128],"0.001)":[110,129],"detected":[111],"OLS":[113,133],"diagnostics.":[114],"prevalence":[117],"ranged":[118,174],"8.2%-42.3%.":[119],"I":[122],"(0.397,":[123],"z":[124],"57.86,":[126],"confirmed":[130],"clustering.":[132],"identified":[134],"five":[135],"predictors:":[137],"parity":[138],"2,":[139],"no":[140],"mass":[141],"media":[142,235],"exposure,":[143],"household":[144,185],"size":[145,186],"5\u20138,":[146],"illiterate":[147],"mothers,":[148],"younger":[150,190],"maternal":[151],"age,":[152],"explaining":[153],"64%":[154],"variance.":[155],"demonstrated":[157],"superior":[158],"fit":[159],"(AICc:":[160],"4459.98":[161],"vs":[162,169],"4478.46;":[163],"adjusted":[164],"R":[165,172],"2":[166,173],":":[167],"0.65":[168],"0.64).":[170],"0.45\u20130.71,":[175],"highest":[176],"northern/central":[178,196],"districts.":[179],"Women\u2019s":[180],"illiteracy":[181],"(\u03b2:":[182,187],"0.40\u20130.62),":[183],"large":[184],"0.35\u20130.83),":[188],"mothers":[191],"showed":[192],"strongest":[193],"associations":[194],"but":[198],"negligible":[199],"effects":[200],"southern":[202],"regions,":[203],"confirming":[204],"heterogeneity.":[206],"is":[209],"embedded":[212],"social":[213],"process,":[214],"shaped":[215],"localized":[217,234],"patriarchy,":[218],"economy,":[219],"institutions.":[221],"targeted,":[223],"gender-transformative":[224],"policies":[225],"such":[226],"conditional":[228],"incentives":[229],"for":[230],"girls\u2019":[231],"schooling":[232],"campaigns":[236],"effectively":[237],"address":[238],"structural":[240],"devaluation":[241],"daughters.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}