{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163752829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","title":"\u2018Insistent\u2019 Objectors: The (Ab)use of Procedural Defenses Before the International Court of Justice","display_name":"\u2018Insistent\u2019 Objectors: The (Ab)use of Procedural Defenses Before the International Court of Justice","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163752829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764608241","display_name":"Michigan Journal of International Law","issn_l":"1052-2867","issn":["1052-2867","2688-5522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/137cc30a-45a5-44e9-85ee-0160b180c9c8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000706897","display_name":"Dami\u00e1n A. Gonz\u00e1lez-Salzberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2730-3098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2730-3098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damian Gonzalez-Salzberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102238236","display_name":"Eoin Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5805-4410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5805-4410"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eoin Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Criminal Barrister at No5 Chambers"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Criminal Barrister at No5 Chambers","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33454185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"225","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.03700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12040","display_name":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-defenses","display_name":"procedural defenses","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-court-of-justice","display_name":"International Court of Justice","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jurisdictional-objection","display_name":"jurisdictional objection","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-practice","display_name":"state practice","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icj-case-law","display_name":"ICJ case law","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-dispute-settlement","display_name":"international dispute settlement","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-litigation","display_name":"strategic litigation","score":0.3610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779149496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442100","display_name":"Procedural justice","level":3,"score":0.6434000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6215000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779871314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1262438","display_name":"International court","level":4,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936044","display_name":"Procedural law","level":2,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776449231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5440536","display_name":"Federal jurisdiction","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185436325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"Public international law","level":3,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764608241","display_name":"Michigan Journal of International Law","issn_l":"1052-2867","issn":["1052-2867","2688-5522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.law.umich.edu:mjil-2184","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol47/iss2/3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401049","display_name":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","host_organization_name":"Yale University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Journal of International Law","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/137cc30a-45a5-44e9-85ee-0160b180c9c8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/137cc30a-45a5-44e9-85ee-0160b180c9c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gonzalez Salzberg, D A & Campbell, E 2026, '\u2018Insistent\u2019 objectors : The (ab)use of procedural defenses before the International Court of Justice', Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 225-260. https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/137cc30a-45a5-44e9-85ee-0160b180c9c8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/137cc30a-45a5-44e9-85ee-0160b180c9c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gonzalez Salzberg, D A & Campbell, E 2026, '\u2018Insistent\u2019 objectors : The (ab)use of procedural defenses before the International Court of Justice', Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 225-260. https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.47.2.insistent","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972903448","https://openalex.org/W7020015524","https://openalex.org/W7143647755","https://openalex.org/W6942626217","https://openalex.org/W6962954774","https://openalex.org/W3216354633","https://openalex.org/W2487661013","https://openalex.org/W4406713143","https://openalex.org/W2035956574","https://openalex.org/W3035591068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Procedural":[0],"defenses":[1,73,78,122,164,203,226],"refer":[2],"to":[3,8,14,51,90,94],"tactical":[4,116],"devices":[5],"that":[6,191],"object":[7],"either":[9],"a":[10,23,31,183],"court\u2019s":[11],"jurisdiction":[12],"or":[13],"the":[15,28,38,52,56,91,97,104,107,118,137,143,146,149,161,168,172,180,198,206,212,216,219,228],"admissibility":[16],"of":[17,30,40,54,59,69,99,106,120,136,148,182,186,197,201,224],"an":[18,114],"application,":[19],"aimed":[20],"at":[21,34,36],"stopping":[22],"court":[24],"from":[25],"deciding":[26],"on":[27,96,110,211],"merits":[29,98],"case":[32],"or,":[33],"least,":[35],"limiting":[37],"scope":[39,105],"its":[41,44,130],"decision.":[42],"From":[43],"creation":[45],"in":[46,166],"June":[47],"1945":[48],"and":[49,152,155,178,215],"up":[50],"end":[53],"2024,":[55],"International":[57],"Court":[58],"Justice":[60],"(\u201cICJ\u201d)":[61],"has":[62,125],"adjudicated":[63],"101":[64],"cases,":[65],"with":[66,132],"almost":[67,175],"80%":[68],"them":[70],"featuring":[71],"procedural":[72,121,163,202,225],"raised":[74,139,165,204],"by":[75,123,129,142,171],"states.":[76],"These":[77],"have":[79,85,192],"not":[80],"only":[81],"been":[82,86,127],"plentiful,":[83],"but":[84,221],"extremely":[87],"effective,":[88],"leading":[89],"ICJ\u2019s":[92,150],"refusal":[93],"decide":[95],"twenty-nine":[100],"disputes,":[101],"while":[102],"restricting":[103],"Court\u2019s":[108],"rulings":[109],"twenty-one":[111],"occasions.":[112],"Although":[113],"effective":[115,220],"device,":[117],"use":[119,223],"states":[124,190],"also":[126],"marked":[128],"inefficiency,":[131],"just":[133],"over":[134],"20%":[135],"objections":[138],"being":[140],"upheld":[141],"Court.":[144,207],"Through":[145],"examination":[147],"judgments":[151],"states\u2019":[153],"written":[154],"oral":[156],"pleadings,":[157],"this":[158],"article":[159,209],"analyses":[160],"486":[162],"all":[167],"cases":[169],"decided":[170],"ICJ":[173],"throughout":[174],"eighty":[176],"years":[177],"explores":[179],"behavior":[181],"selected":[184],"group":[185],"\u2018insistent\u2019":[187],"objectors:":[188],"Ten":[189],"interposed":[193],"more":[194],"than":[195],"50%":[196],"total":[199],"number":[200],"before":[205,227],"The":[208],"reflects":[210],"reasons":[213],"behind,":[214],"consequences":[217],"of,":[218],"inefficient":[222],"ICJ.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-06-07T00:00:00"}