{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163190937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023","title":"Intrinsic and Post-Hoc Explainability for Anomaly Detection in Network Intrusion Detection Systems","display_name":"Intrinsic and Post-Hoc Explainability for Anomaly Detection in Network Intrusion Detection Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163190937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407086852","display_name":"IEEE Swiss Conference on Data Science (SDS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE Swiss Conference on Data Science and AI (SDS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/36718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004077393","display_name":"Philipp Denzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-0659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-0659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Denzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034813912","display_name":"Marc A. Stadelmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7682-2540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7682-2540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Stadelmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018885246","display_name":"Yago Lizarribar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9961-4501","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9961-4501"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405253476","display_name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr R\u00fcstung armasuisse","ror":"https://ror.org/00pw7mk43","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801872989","https://openalex.org/I4405253476"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yago Lizarribar Carillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber-Defence Campus, armasuisse S+T,Thun,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber-Defence Campus, armasuisse S+T,Thun,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405253476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070889566","display_name":"G\u00e9r\u00f4me Bovet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-3483","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-3483"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405253476","display_name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr R\u00fcstung armasuisse","ror":"https://ror.org/00pw7mk43","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801872989","https://openalex.org/I4405253476"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00e9r\u00f4me Bovet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber-Defence Campus, armasuisse S+T,Thun,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber-Defence Campus, armasuisse S+T,Thun,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405253476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078094163","display_name":"Frank-Peter Schilling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7763-2140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7763-2140"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank-Peter Schilling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018114555","display_name":"Jasmina Bogojeska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-7984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-7984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasmina Bogojeska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW),Winterthur,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"115","last_page":"122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.7167999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.7167999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.263700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-intrusion-detection","display_name":"network intrusion detection","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernelshap","display_name":"KernelSHAP","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-hoc-explanation","display_name":"post-hoc explanation","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-mechanism","display_name":"attention mechanism","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-attribution","display_name":"feature attribution","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-telemetry","display_name":"network telemetry","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity-auditing","display_name":"cybersecurity auditing","score":0.5830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137524506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2247688","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","level":3,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sds70563.2026.00023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407086852","display_name":"IEEE Swiss Conference on Data Science (SDS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE Swiss Conference on Data Science and AI (SDS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/36718","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/36718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401811","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/36718","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/36718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401811","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W2017257315","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2950361482","https://openalex.org/W3009091629","https://openalex.org/W3210654422","https://openalex.org/W4224249813","https://openalex.org/W4249837478","https://openalex.org/W4285227013","https://openalex.org/W4400101360","https://openalex.org/W4400976116","https://openalex.org/W4403150406","https://openalex.org/W4403561221","https://openalex.org/W4407430045","https://openalex.org/W4409801214"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163130481","https://openalex.org/W4413918270","https://openalex.org/W4387298311","https://openalex.org/W7164707440","https://openalex.org/W7140456121","https://openalex.org/W4404567899","https://openalex.org/W7155369895","https://openalex.org/W4417186519","https://openalex.org/W7165811945","https://openalex.org/W7164757463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"cyber":[1],"threats":[2],"grow":[3],"in":[4,33,37,120,153],"sophistication,":[5],"traditional":[6],"rule-based":[7],"defences":[8],"increasingly":[9],"fail":[10],"to":[11,160],"detect":[12],"novel":[13],"attacks,":[14],"prompting":[15],"a":[16,62,80,94,134],"shift":[17],"toward":[18],"deep":[19],"learning":[20],"for":[21,84,146,174],"anomaly-based":[22],"intrusion":[23,71,85],"detection":[24,72,86],"systems.":[25],"While":[26],"transformer":[27],"architectures":[28],"have":[29],"achieved":[30],"state-of-the-art":[31],"performance":[32],"detecting":[34],"anomalous":[35,118],"signatures":[36],"complex,":[38],"high-dimensional":[39],"network":[40],"telemetry,":[41],"the":[42,66,100],"inherent":[43],"opacity":[44],"of":[45,65,169],"neural":[46],"networks":[47],"hampers":[48],"operational":[49,154,178],"adoption,":[50],"trust,":[51],"auditability,":[52],"and":[53,90,140,150,171,177],"compliance.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"addresses":[57],"these":[58],"challenges":[59],"by":[60],"presenting":[61],"rigorous":[63],"evaluation":[64],"Anomaly":[67],"Transformer":[68],"architecture":[69],"as":[70],"systems":[73],"on":[74,133],"modern":[75],"benchmarks.":[76],"Crucially,":[77],"we":[78,109],"introduce":[79],"purpose-built":[81],"explainability":[82,143],"framework":[83],"that":[87,131],"unifies":[88],"model-intrinsic":[89],"post-hoc":[91],"explanations":[92,152],"within":[93],"time-aware":[95,106],"setting.":[96],"By":[97],"systematically":[98],"contrasting":[99],"model's":[101],"attentionbased":[102],"association":[103],"mechanism":[104],"with":[105],"KernelSHAP":[107],"explanations,":[108],"observe":[110],"strong":[111],"complementarity:":[112],"while":[113],"intrinsic":[114],"mechanisms":[115],"accurately":[116],"localize":[117],"events":[119],"time,":[121],"posthoc":[122],"methods":[123],"identify":[124],"distinct":[125],"feature":[126],"attributions.":[127],"Our":[128],"findings":[129],"highlight":[130],"relying":[132],"single":[135],"explanation":[136],"modality":[137],"is":[138],"insufficient":[139],"motivate":[141],"multifaceted":[142],"paradigms":[144],"essential":[145],"delivering":[147],"comprehensive,":[148],"trustworthy,":[149],"actionable":[151],"cybersecurity":[155],"contexts.":[156],"They":[157],"are":[158],"intended":[159],"support":[161],"security":[162],"analysts":[163],"who":[164],"require":[165],"both":[166],"temporal":[167],"localization":[168],"anomalies":[170],"feature-level":[172],"attribution":[173],"postincident":[175],"auditing":[176],"trust.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}
