{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163130833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","title":"Cognitive performance recovery following marijuana cessation in NCAA division I athletes","display_name":"Cognitive performance recovery following marijuana cessation in NCAA division I athletes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163130833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42311485","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13270549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068337752","display_name":"Brandon A. Ally","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-7968","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-7968"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brandon A. Ally","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville","Medicine Institute, UofL Health, University of Louisville"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine Institute, UofL Health, University of Louisville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032226411","display_name":"Paul Mentele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Mentele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine Institute, UofL Health, University of Louisville"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine Institute, UofL Health, University of Louisville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112206485","display_name":"Scott A. Wylie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott A. Wylie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville","Medicine Institute, UofL Health, University of Louisville"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine Institute, UofL Health, University of Louisville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068337752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40572403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1821656","last_page":"1821656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10414","display_name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10414","display_name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstinence","display_name":"abstinence","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-time","display_name":"reaction time","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making","display_name":"decision-making","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/football-players","display_name":"football players","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collegiate-athletes","display_name":"collegiate athletes","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attentional-control","display_name":"attentional control","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse-control","display_name":"impulse control","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-recovery","display_name":"cognitive recovery","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athlete-education","display_name":"athlete education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6585999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778426673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326921","display_name":"Concussion","level":4,"score":0.6162999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6050999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017797855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937857","display_name":"Football players","level":3,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019685099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109032","display_name":"College football","level":3,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185711340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5347381","display_name":"Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance","level":3,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777056318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79817","display_name":"Cannabis","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70836080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837940","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994270035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18907383","display_name":"Choice reaction time","level":3,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020114046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41323","display_name":"American football","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104185","display_name":"Coaching","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780082397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216048","display_name":"Team sport","level":3,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6057870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141248","display_name":"Cognitive test","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42311485","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42311485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in sports and active living","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:641fecf980ab4e008dab567a8fbce6e6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/641fecf980ab4e008dab567a8fbce6e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13270549","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42311485/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Sports Act Living","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1821656/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7163130833.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7163130833.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588364899","https://openalex.org/W1968821982","https://openalex.org/W1988756886","https://openalex.org/W2006040221","https://openalex.org/W2028901928","https://openalex.org/W2032230668","https://openalex.org/W2046832595","https://openalex.org/W2130209557","https://openalex.org/W2131050942","https://openalex.org/W2132557702","https://openalex.org/W2133193293","https://openalex.org/W2166352203","https://openalex.org/W2286295070","https://openalex.org/W2605979217","https://openalex.org/W2788692190","https://openalex.org/W2888406078","https://openalex.org/W2895263585","https://openalex.org/W2899427221","https://openalex.org/W2943418795","https://openalex.org/W2960141233","https://openalex.org/W2982388243","https://openalex.org/W2986586217","https://openalex.org/W3138582354","https://openalex.org/W3165108724","https://openalex.org/W3179636848","https://openalex.org/W3186985472","https://openalex.org/W4308187806","https://openalex.org/W4388639408","https://openalex.org/W4389981090","https://openalex.org/W4410697990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004789288","https://openalex.org/W1970246416","https://openalex.org/W4283748172","https://openalex.org/W2028901928","https://openalex.org/W3121363966","https://openalex.org/W7202356551","https://openalex.org/W3168677239","https://openalex.org/W4391513058","https://openalex.org/W3200625599","https://openalex.org/W2255547885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Cannabis":[1],"use":[2,45,209],"is":[3],"increasingly":[4],"common":[5],"among":[6],"collegiate":[7],"athletes.":[8],"While":[9],"acute":[10],"tetrahydrocannabinol":[11],"(THC)":[12],"effects":[13,230],"are":[14,231],"well":[15],"documented,":[16],"the":[17,25,67,184],"chronic":[18,43,137],"impact":[19],"on":[20],"game-speed":[21,49],"cognition,":[22],"defined":[23],"as":[24],"ability":[26],"to":[27,146],"perceive,":[28],"decide,":[29],"and":[30,51,74,106,118,124,183,219,222],"act":[31],"within":[32],"sub-second":[33],"windows,":[34],"remains":[35],"poorly":[36],"quantified.":[37],"The":[38,82],"current":[39],"study":[40],"examined":[41],"whether":[42],"THC":[44,65,208],"degrades":[46],"football":[47,59],"specific":[48],"cognition":[50],"reaction":[52,116,130,143,198],"times.":[53],"Methods":[54],"Eighteen":[55],"NCAA":[56],"Division":[57],"I":[58],"players":[60],"who":[61],"tested":[62],"positive":[63],"for":[64,129,197,242],"completed":[66],"S2":[68,109,185],"Cognition":[69],"Football":[70],"Battery":[71],"at":[72],"baseline":[73],"again":[75],"after":[76,195],"12":[77],"months":[78],"of":[79],"verified":[80],"abstinence.":[81,235],"battery":[83],"yields":[84],"nine":[85],"primary":[86],"cognitive":[87],"processes":[88,224],"(Perception":[89],"Speed,":[90],"Search":[91],"Efficiency,":[92],"Tracking":[93],"Capacity,":[94],"Visual":[95],"Learning,":[96,98],"Instinctive":[97],"Decision":[99,171],"Complexity,":[100,172],"Impulse":[101,175],"Control,":[102,104,174,176],"Distraction":[103,173],"Improvisation)":[105],"an":[107,159,238],"overall":[108],"Composite,":[110],"plus":[111],"two":[112],"secondary":[113],"summary":[114],"measures;":[115],"speed":[117,144],"decision":[119,164],"accuracy.":[120],"Paired":[121],"t":[122],"-tests":[123],"linear":[125],"mixed-effects":[126],"models":[127],"(controlling":[128],"speed)":[131],"assessed":[132],"change.":[133],"Results":[134],"At":[135],"baseline,":[136],"users":[138],"showed":[139],"approximately":[140],"20%":[141],"slower":[142],"relative":[145],"their":[147],"own":[148],"post-abstinence":[149],"values":[150],"[t(17)":[151],"=":[152],"\u22125.84,":[153],"p":[154,188],"<":[155,189],".001],":[156],"consistent":[157],"with":[158,234],"\u223c80\u2013100":[160],"ms":[161],"delay":[162],"in":[163,170],"execution.":[165],"Significant":[166],"improvements":[167],"were":[168],"observed":[169],"Multiple-Object":[177],"Tracking,":[178],"Speeded":[179],"Target":[180],"Detection,":[181],"Improvisation,":[182],"Composite":[186],"(all":[187],".002,":[190],"Holm":[191],"Method-corrected).":[192],"Effects":[193],"persisted":[194],"controlling":[196],"speed,":[199],"indicating":[200],"domain-specific":[201],"recovery":[202],"beyond":[203],"global":[204],"speeding.":[205],"Conclusion":[206],"Chronic":[207],"imposes":[210],"a":[211],"measurable":[212],"performance":[213],"cost":[214],"by":[215],"slowing":[216],"speeded":[217],"decision-making":[218],"degrading":[220],"attention":[221],"control":[223],"that":[225],"support":[226],"play":[227],"execution;":[228],"these":[229],"partially":[232],"reversible":[233],"Findings":[236],"provide":[237],"objective,":[239],"performance-based":[240],"framework":[241],"athlete":[243],"education.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-06-03T00:00:00"}