{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163062575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.30880","title":"PatchWorld: Gradient-Free Optimization of Executable World Models for Agent Environments","display_name":"PatchWorld: Gradient-Free Optimization of Executable World Models for Agent Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163062575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.30880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2605.30880","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30880","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.30880","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.30880","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026258275","display_name":"Jiaxin Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-6467","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-6467"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai, Jiaxin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Baptist University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137584673","display_name":"Yue Guo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134736786","display_name":"Yifei Dong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong, Yifei","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128450334","display_name":"Jiaxuan Xiong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong, Jiaxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031583104","display_name":"Tianshi Zheng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Tianshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137605948","display_name":"Yixia Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yixia","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST","Southern University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046409172","display_name":"Tianqing Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0186-8253","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0186-8253"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang, Tianqing","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026638097","display_name":"Yufei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4285-5696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4285-5696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yufei","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST","Southern University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126856521","display_name":"Yisen Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Yisen","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137527603","display_name":"Haoyu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-4516","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-4516"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Haoyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126889694","display_name":"Zhongwei Xie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Zhongwei","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133804776","display_name":"Hong Ting Tsang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsang, Hong Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413085","display_name":"Zihao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3919-0396","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3919-0396","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0035-1789"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Zihao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130054626","display_name":"Lihui Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Lihui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066422711","display_name":"Jeff Z. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-2088","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-2088","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6605-1975"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Jeff Z.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020880385","display_name":"Yangqiu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-6090","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-6090"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Yangqiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["HKUST"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HKUST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.5365999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.5365999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.32179999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.06199999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-models","display_name":"world models","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/derivative-free-optimization","display_name":"derivative-free optimization","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-decision-making","display_name":"agent decision-making","score":0.734000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.89410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7146000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6514000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5242999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51929080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2425187","display_name":"Codebase","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28901747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177571","display_name":"Decision theory","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59594135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249242","display_name":"Decision model","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2605.30880","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30880","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.30880","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.30880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.30880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.30880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2605.30880","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30880","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.30880","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7163062575.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7163062575.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415796843","https://openalex.org/W7171621232","https://openalex.org/W7165941689","https://openalex.org/W7214155520","https://openalex.org/W7135163376","https://openalex.org/W7164913627","https://openalex.org/W7223211386","https://openalex.org/W7202372866","https://openalex.org/W7165749951","https://openalex.org/W6891922542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"World":[0],"models":[1,73],"for":[2,53],"interactive":[3],"text":[4,18],"agents":[5],"must":[6],"typically":[7],"be":[8,96],"learned":[9],"from":[10],"observation-action":[11],"trajectories":[12,68],"alone.":[13],"Specifically,":[14],"the":[15,80,108,134,171],"environment":[16],"returns":[17],"observations":[19],"after":[20],"each":[21],"action,":[22],"but":[23,151],"does":[24],"not":[25],"expose":[26],"a":[27,46,62,84,143,158],"ground-truth":[28],"latent":[29],"state":[30],"nor":[31],"an":[32],"inspectable":[33],"transition":[34],"model.A":[35],"research":[36],"gap":[37],"remains":[38],"in":[39,49,119,160],"how":[40],"to":[41],"induce":[42],"executable":[43,70,161],"code":[44,76],"as":[45],"world":[47,72,162],"model":[48],"this":[50],"black-box":[51,85],"setting":[52],"prediction":[54,136],"and":[55,99,176],"agent":[56,153],"decision":[57],"making.":[58],"We":[59,139],"introduce":[60],"PatchWorld,":[61],"gradient-free":[63],"framework":[64],"that":[65,142],"turns":[66],"offline":[67],"into":[69],"Python":[71],"through":[74],"counterexample-guided":[75],"repair.Instead":[77],"of":[78,173],"predicting":[79],"next":[81],"observation":[82,149,166],"with":[83],"model,":[86],"PatchWorld":[87],"induces":[88],"symbolic":[89],"belief-state":[90],"programs":[91],"whose":[92],"action":[93],"updates":[94],"can":[95,168],"inspected,":[97],"replayed,":[98],"locally":[100],"patched.":[101],"Across":[102],"seven":[103],"AgentGym":[104],"environments,":[105],"PatchWorld-Simple":[106],"achieves":[107],"highest":[109],"code-based":[110],"decision-making":[111,154],"score":[112],"among":[113],"evaluated":[114],"methods":[115],"(76.4%":[116],"macro":[117],"success":[118],"live":[120],"one-step":[121],"lookahead),":[122],"matching":[123],"or":[124],"exceeding":[125],"LLM-based":[126],"lookahead":[127],"while":[128],"invoking":[129],"no":[130],"LLM":[131],"calls":[132],"inside":[133],"world-model":[135],"module":[137],"itself.":[138],"further":[140],"find":[141],"human-specified":[144],"residual-memory":[145],"bias":[146],"improves":[147],"surface":[148],"fidelity":[150,167],"weakens":[152],"utility.":[155],"This":[156],"reveals":[157],"tradeoff":[159],"models,":[163],"since":[164],"improving":[165],"come":[169],"at":[170,182],"expense":[172],"action-discriminative":[174],"dynamics,":[175],"vice":[177],"versa.":[178],"Code":[179],"is":[180],"available":[181],"https://github.com/HKBU-KnowComp/PatchWorld.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}
