{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162998144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","title":"CPCM/OSS Backfill Materials: Enhanced Thermal Properties and Heat Transfer Performance for Ground Heat Exchangers in Ground Source Heat Pump Systems","display_name":"CPCM/OSS Backfill Materials: Enhanced Thermal Properties and Heat Transfer Performance for Ground Heat Exchangers in Ground Source Heat Pump Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162998144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42280195","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13258718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31111892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123228997","display_name":"Dongyi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-8119","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-8119"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I257545875","display_name":"Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7jmd98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dongyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-8119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113071280","display_name":"Fanchen Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I257545875","display_name":"Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7jmd98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanchen Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101639872","display_name":"Jiawei Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-2883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-2883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I257545875","display_name":"Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7jmd98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I257545875"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029073626","display_name":"Yicai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2850-5978","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2850-5978"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yicai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029073626","https://openalex.org/A5123228997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479","https://openalex.org/I257545875"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2015412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"11","first_page":"1892","last_page":"1892"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11225","display_name":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11225","display_name":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10938","display_name":"Phase Change Materials Research","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-heat-exchangers","display_name":"ground heat exchangers","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-source-heat-pump","display_name":"ground source heat pump","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backfill-material","display_name":"backfill material","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-materials","display_name":"phase change materials","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expanded-graphite","display_name":"expanded graphite","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conductivity","display_name":"thermal conductivity","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture","display_name":"soil moisture","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer-performance","display_name":"heat transfer performance","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-temperature","display_name":"soil temperature","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-exchange-capacity","display_name":"heat exchange capacity","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131313","display_name":"Heat pump","level":3,"score":0.7613999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97346530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","level":2,"score":0.649399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107706546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189124","display_name":"Heat exchanger","level":2,"score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39519442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904893","display_name":"Differential scanning calorimetry","level":2,"score":0.5667999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29700514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634340","display_name":"Heat transfer coefficient","level":3,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60205243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179388","display_name":"Heat capacity","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187949908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2044954","display_name":"Air source heat pumps","level":4,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900661","display_name":"Volumetric heat capacity","level":4,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183287310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142963","display_name":"Thermal energy storage","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204826919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905855","display_name":"NTU method","level":5,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60100273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902806","display_name":"Thermogravimetric analysis","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32375409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261231","display_name":"Plate heat exchanger","level":3,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13119800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902090","display_name":"Coefficient of performance","level":4,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806889","display_name":"Phase-change material","level":3,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48632124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617088","display_name":"Heat spreader","level":3,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39420092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075298","display_name":"Plate fin heat exchanger","level":4,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65473313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007798","display_name":"Copper in heat exchangers","level":5,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C889416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904618","display_name":"Thermal effusivity","level":5,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137693562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899628","display_name":"Thermal resistance","level":3,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37728375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600568","display_name":"Heat pipe","level":3,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129446986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q542419","display_name":"Thermal analysis","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31111892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42280195","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42280195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13258718","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13258718/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:230ce74e804b44fc9d96ec79b8b55989","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/230ce74e804b44fc9d96ec79b8b55989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Molecules, Vol 31, Iss 11, p 1892 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31111892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31111892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1968588549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ70303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7154684410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2026JJ80397","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7573724609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"25A0619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311213","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311213","display_name":"Education Department of Hunan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckg3w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991019851","https://openalex.org/W2014769475","https://openalex.org/W2221940997","https://openalex.org/W2411236249","https://openalex.org/W2587000872","https://openalex.org/W2770069892","https://openalex.org/W2805054476","https://openalex.org/W2807483494","https://openalex.org/W2946350769","https://openalex.org/W3025183276","https://openalex.org/W3036570846","https://openalex.org/W3039130334","https://openalex.org/W3082337901","https://openalex.org/W3099591941","https://openalex.org/W3121500123","https://openalex.org/W3175171860","https://openalex.org/W3184583280","https://openalex.org/W4292690579","https://openalex.org/W4312143543","https://openalex.org/W4315780812","https://openalex.org/W4319311070","https://openalex.org/W4319591008","https://openalex.org/W4321072180","https://openalex.org/W4321435595","https://openalex.org/W4399292399","https://openalex.org/W4400242748","https://openalex.org/W4400737578","https://openalex.org/W4404844168","https://openalex.org/W4406418537","https://openalex.org/W4406583712","https://openalex.org/W4409500036","https://openalex.org/W4411026597","https://openalex.org/W4411919460","https://openalex.org/W4417137599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319591008","https://openalex.org/W2411236249","https://openalex.org/W4406418537","https://openalex.org/W7163517345","https://openalex.org/W7128906922","https://openalex.org/W4402676563","https://openalex.org/W7160898338","https://openalex.org/W7104401108","https://openalex.org/W4385480339","https://openalex.org/W6990726216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3],"optimizing":[4],"backfill":[5,35,107,189],"materials":[6,36],"to":[7,136,163],"enhance":[8],"the":[9,111,122,128,140,146,167,173,181,193],"heat":[10,15,21,66,88,112,174,194],"transfer":[11,67,113,195],"performance":[12,114,196],"of":[13,27,48,115,180,197],"ground":[14,19],"exchangers":[16],"(GHEs)":[17],"in":[18],"source":[20],"pump":[22],"(GSHP)":[23],"systems.":[24],"A":[25],"series":[26],"composite":[28,171],"phase":[29],"change":[30],"material/original":[31],"sand":[32],"soil":[33,148],"(CPCM/OSS)":[34],"was":[37],"prepared":[38],"using":[39],"capric":[40],"acid-myristic":[41],"acid/expanded":[42],"graphite":[43],"(CA-MA/EG)":[44],"at":[45],"mass":[46],"ratios":[47],"5%,":[49],"10%,":[50],"15%,":[51],"and":[52,61,69,90,100,205],"20%.":[53],"Thermal":[54],"conductivity":[55],"testing,":[56],"differential":[57],"scanning":[58],"calorimetry":[59],"(DSC)":[60],"thermogravimetric":[62],"analysis":[63],"(TGA),":[64],"laboratory":[65],"tests,":[68],"3D":[70],"numerical":[71],"simulations":[72,155],"under":[73],"typical":[74],"intermittent":[75],"summer":[76],"conditions":[77],"were":[78],"systematically":[79],"conducted.":[80],"The":[81,103,185],"results":[82],"show":[83,160],"that":[84,121],"thermal":[85,91],"conductivity,":[86],"specific":[87],"capacity,":[89],"storage":[92],"coefficient":[93],"all":[94],"increase":[95],"with":[96],"rising":[97],"moisture":[98],"content":[99],"CPCM":[101,125],"dosage.":[102],"newly":[104,186],"developed":[105,187],"CPCM/OSS":[106,144,188],"material":[108,190,203],"significantly":[109,191],"improves":[110,192],"GHEs.":[116,198],"Comprehensive":[117],"thermophysical":[118],"characterization":[119],"indicates":[120],"10":[123,141,168],"wt%":[124,142,169],"sample":[126],"is":[127],"optimal":[129],"formulation.":[130],"Laboratory":[131],"tests":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"that,":[134,161],"relative":[135,162],"pure":[137,164],"OSS":[138,165],"backfill,":[139,166],"CPCM-doped":[143,170],"raises":[145],"average":[147],"temperature":[149],"by":[150,183],"approximately":[151],"2.5-2.8":[152],"\u00b0C.":[153],"Numerical":[154],"over":[156],"three":[157],"consecutive":[158],"days":[159],"enhances":[172],"exchange":[175],"capacity":[176],"per":[177],"linear":[178],"meter":[179],"GHEs":[182],"8.8%.":[184],"It":[199],"provides":[200],"a":[201],"feasible":[202],"solution":[204],"technical":[206],"reference":[207],"for":[208],"GSHP":[209],"system":[210],"design.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}