{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162484645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","title":"Sociodemographic and individual risk factors for traumatic brain injury in UK Biobank (N=500,035)","display_name":"Sociodemographic and individual risk factors for traumatic brain injury in UK Biobank (N=500,035)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162484645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137121699","display_name":"Abdulaziz Alabdulsalam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Alabdulsalam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113078348","display_name":"Sarah West","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah West","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056049635","display_name":"Laura M. Lyall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7216-1434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7216-1434"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Lyall","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7216-1434","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Claire Hastie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Hastie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031399095","display_name":"Jordan Canning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-1302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-1302"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan Canning","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137126706","display_name":"Katie Robertson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katie Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075012305","display_name":"Rona J. Strawbridge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-3585","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-3585"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rona J. Strawbridge","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-3585","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127815118","display_name":"Simon R. Cox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-3642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-3642"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon R. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-3642","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102779331","display_name":"Jonathan Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-640X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-640X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-2071"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-2071","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137113930","display_name":"William Stewart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058374848","display_name":"Donald M. Lyall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-1487","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-1487"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald M Lyall","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"traumatic brain injury","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-taking","display_name":"risk-taking","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociodemographic-factors","display_name":"sociodemographic factors","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-traits","display_name":"personality traits","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-traits","display_name":"cognitive characteristics","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injury-prevention","display_name":"injury prevention","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uk-biobank","display_name":"UK Biobank","score":0.7559999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7595000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116567970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864217","display_name":"Biobank","level":2,"score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207103383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246","display_name":"Hazard ratio","level":3,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:13646dcc-c478-459b-90ff-401d8afab37e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/6zb9n","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:2a9352f0-c869-4381-8a16-6a5ca022cbad","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/kdqyf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6zb9n_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4286512378","https://openalex.org/W4313573829","https://openalex.org/W4362723490","https://openalex.org/W7143426673","https://openalex.org/W2432966360","https://openalex.org/W2145038681","https://openalex.org/W2000576773","https://openalex.org/W4410020444","https://openalex.org/W2599018573","https://openalex.org/W2900424636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Importance:":[0],"Much":[1],"research":[2],"investigates":[3],"sequelae":[4],"arising":[5],"from":[6],"traumatic":[7],"brain":[8],"injury":[9],"(TBI),":[10],"however":[11],"few":[12],"studies":[13],"investigate":[14],"risk":[15,29,50,76,127,202],"factors":[16,203],"for":[17,27,35,95,137,204,237],"TBI":[18,114,129,205,223],"in":[19,102,130,167,186,219],"the":[20],"first":[21],"instance.":[22],"This":[23],"could":[24],"have":[25],"implications":[26],"representativeness,":[28],"mitigation":[30],"and":[31,40,44,56,66,72,88,98,153,177,199,209],"prevention.":[32],"Objectives:":[33],"Test":[34],"associations":[36,135],"between":[37,174],"multiple":[38],"sociodemographic":[39,73],"individual":[41],"difference":[42],"variables,":[43],"their":[45],"interaction":[46,173],"with":[47,125],"sex,":[48,99,178],"on":[49],"of":[51,77,128],"subsequent":[52],"incident":[53],"TBI.Design,":[54],"setting":[55],"participants:":[57],"General":[58],"population":[59],"prospective":[60],"cohort,":[61],"UK":[62],"Biobank.":[63],"Main":[64],"outcomes":[65],"measures:":[67],"Baseline":[68],"lifestyle,":[69],"cognitive,":[70],"personality":[71],"variables":[74],"versus":[75,225],"later":[78],"TBI,":[79],"ascertained":[80],"via":[81],"ICD-10":[82],"codes.":[83],"We":[84],"used":[85],"Cox":[86],"regressions,":[87],"tested":[89],"11":[90],"predictors":[91,121],"individually,":[92],"then":[93,100],"adjusted":[94],"baseline":[96],"age":[97],"combined":[101],"one":[103],"multivariable":[104,168],"model.":[105],"Results:":[106],"After":[107],"exclusions,":[108],"5764/500,035":[109],"(1.15%)":[110],"participants":[111],"recorded":[112],"a":[113,212],"over":[115],"median":[116],"14":[117],"years":[118],"follow-up.":[119],"Most":[120],"were":[122,136],"individually":[123],"associated":[124],"increased":[126],"expected":[131],"directions.":[132],"The":[133],"largest":[134],"male":[138,207],"sex":[139,208],"(versus":[140,182],"female;":[141],"hazard":[142],"ratio":[143],"[HR]":[144],"=":[145,151,158,162,190,194],"1.56,":[146],"95%":[147,192],"confidence":[148],"intervals":[149],"[CIs]":[150],"1.48-1.65)":[152],"self-reported":[154],"\u2018risk-taker\u2019":[155],"status":[156],"(HR":[157,189],"1.28,":[159],"95":[160],"CIs":[161,193],"1.21-1.36).":[163],"These":[164,232],"remained":[165],"significant":[166,172],"regressions.":[169],"There":[170],"was":[171,184,217],"educational":[175,215],"attainment":[176,216],"where":[179],"degree":[180],"possession":[181],"not)":[183],"protective":[185,218],"males":[187],"only":[188],"0.76,":[191],"0.70-0.82,":[195],"all":[196],"P":[197],"<0.001).Conclusion":[198],"relevance:":[200],"Prominent":[201],"include":[206],"identifying":[210],"as":[211],"\u2018risk-taker\u2019.":[213],"Higher":[214],"males.":[220],"Studies":[221],"comparing":[222],"cases":[224],"controls":[226],"routinely":[227],"underestimate":[228],"premorbid":[229],"group":[230],"differences.":[231],"findings":[233],"represent":[234],"targetable":[235],"opportunities":[236],"public":[238],"health":[239],"intervention.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-05-28T00:00:00"}
