{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161994902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","title":"Closing the loop: experimental validation of a predictive multi-timescale controller for hybrid battery-hydrogen storage systems","display_name":"Closing the loop: experimental validation of a predictive multi-timescale controller for hybrid battery-hydrogen storage systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161994902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506060491","display_name":"Systems Science & Control Engineering","issn_l":"2164-2583","issn":["2164-2583"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems Science & Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136725579","display_name":"Mohammed Bou-Rabee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0009-8290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0009-8290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143601524","display_name":"Public Authority for Applied Education and Training","ror":"https://ror.org/024242h31","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Bou-Rabee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technical Studies, PAAET"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technical Studies, PAAET","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039233000","display_name":"Fajer M. Alelaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2364-0805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2364-0805"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fajer M. Alelaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Water Research Center, Institute for Scientific Research (KISR)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Water Research Center, Institute for Scientific Research (KISR)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113895366","display_name":"Mustafa Fadel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-7876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-7876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15873915","display_name":"Mustansiriyah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s04wy35","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Fadel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093975072","display_name":"Hussain Al-Sairfi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5914-0510","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5914-0510"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussain Al-Sairfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Water Research Center, Institute for Scientific Research (KISR)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Water Research Center, Institute for Scientific Research (KISR)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136725579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"],"apc_list":{"value":950,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1165},"apc_paid":{"value":950,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22084445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.4918999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.4918999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.32739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.1282999962568283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-energy-storage-system","display_name":"hybrid energy storage","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-time-scale-control","display_name":"multi-timescale control","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"model predictive control","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries","display_name":"lithium iron phosphate batteries","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vanadium-redox-flow-battery","display_name":"vanadium redox flow battery","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-storage","display_name":"hydrogen storage","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-renewable-energy-integration","display_name":"variable renewable energy integration","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-following","display_name":"load following","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancillary-services","display_name":"ancillary services","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/day-ahead-scheduling","display_name":"day-ahead scheduling","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-integer-linear-programming","display_name":"mixed-integer linear programming","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage-efficiency","display_name":"energy storage efficiency","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emission-reduction","display_name":"CO2 emission reduction","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-costs","display_name":"energy costs","score":0.843999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.49570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2782000005245209}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506060491","display_name":"Systems Science & Control Engineering","issn_l":"2164-2583","issn":["2164-2583"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems Science & Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:332f1e785f9b46389c37836cab53f056","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/332f1e785f9b46389c37836cab53f056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems Science & Control Engineering, Vol 14, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20331949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Image"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20331950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Image"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20533903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20533903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20533903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Image"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21642583.2026.2728376?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506060491","display_name":"Systems Science & Control Engineering","issn_l":"2164-2583","issn":["2164-2583"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems Science & Control Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161994902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161994902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504052325","https://openalex.org/W1542523037","https://openalex.org/W1712265143","https://openalex.org/W1834350974","https://openalex.org/W1963712116","https://openalex.org/W1974911053","https://openalex.org/W1977985274","https://openalex.org/W1978956894","https://openalex.org/W2016211524","https://openalex.org/W2017314299","https://openalex.org/W2020007931","https://openalex.org/W2023385933","https://openalex.org/W2034011137","https://openalex.org/W2038185334","https://openalex.org/W2041507151","https://openalex.org/W2044121814","https://openalex.org/W2055655412","https://openalex.org/W2065788296","https://openalex.org/W2066616261","https://openalex.org/W2073787051","https://openalex.org/W2074655144","https://openalex.org/W2077937117","https://openalex.org/W2080048739","https://openalex.org/W2125570616","https://openalex.org/W2125884948","https://openalex.org/W2132755931","https://openalex.org/W2140123645","https://openalex.org/W2164063344","https://openalex.org/W2166618387","https://openalex.org/W2536620281","https://openalex.org/W2607640855","https://openalex.org/W2727165102","https://openalex.org/W2753273584","https://openalex.org/W2768357735","https://openalex.org/W2769646558","https://openalex.org/W2774327138","https://openalex.org/W2795338858","https://openalex.org/W2806643573","https://openalex.org/W2810745149","https://openalex.org/W2898334692","https://openalex.org/W2899283552","https://openalex.org/W3022589492","https://openalex.org/W3022848493","https://openalex.org/W3112388352","https://openalex.org/W7117556681","https://openalex.org/W7120923699","https://openalex.org/W7162417408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7139061193","https://openalex.org/W7160225026","https://openalex.org/W7158776895","https://openalex.org/W4398188209","https://openalex.org/W7172496654","https://openalex.org/W7153330059","https://openalex.org/W4392624537","https://openalex.org/W7164266237","https://openalex.org/W4380886656","https://openalex.org/W4382628831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,29],"research":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,19,131,135,146,168],"effect":[4],"of":[5,8,21,47,72,125,134,145,167,172],"higher":[6],"penetration":[7],"variable":[9],"renewables":[10],"on":[11,94],"energy":[12,22,42,173],"fluctuations":[13],"at":[14],"various":[15],"time":[16],"scales":[17],"and":[18,58,82,111,139,157],"necessity":[20],"storage":[23,43],"systems":[24],"for":[25,39,65,69,108,151,155,159],"balancing":[26],"power":[27],"supply.":[28],"paper":[30],"presents":[31],"an":[32],"experimentally":[33],"verified":[34],"predictive":[35,98,126],"multi-timescale":[36],"control":[37,91,99,127],"method":[38,92],"a":[40,95,164],"hybrid":[41],"system":[44,169],"(HESS)":[45],"consisting":[46],"lithium":[48],"iron":[49],"phosphate":[50],"(LFP)":[51],"batteries,":[52,153],"vanadium":[53],"redox":[54],"flow":[55],"battery":[56],"(VRFB),":[57],"hydrogen":[59,160],"storage.":[60],"Laboratory-scale":[61],"HESS":[62,148],"was":[63,149,174],"tested":[64],"over":[66],"500":[67],"hours":[68],"four":[70],"scenarios":[71],"grid":[73,136],"operations":[74],"including":[75],"renewable":[76],"smoothing,":[77],"load":[78],"following,":[79],"ancillary":[80],"services,":[81],"seasonal":[83],"shifting.":[84],"In":[85],"order":[86],"to":[87,116,129,185],"perform":[88],"coordinated":[89],"operation,":[90],"relies":[93],"hierarchical":[96],"model":[97],"(MPC)":[100],"structure":[101],"with":[102],"mixed-integer":[103],"linear":[104],"programming":[105],"(MILP)":[106],"used":[107],"day-ahead":[109],"scheduling":[110],"receding":[112],"horizon":[113],"optimization":[114],"applied":[115],"real-time":[117],"dispatch.":[118],"Experimental":[119],"results":[120],"have":[121],"shown":[122],"that":[123],"application":[124],"helps":[128],"decrease":[130],"ramp":[132],"rate":[133],"by":[137,142,182],"59%":[138],"LFP":[140,152],"cycling":[141],"42%.":[143],"Efficiency":[144],"experimental":[147],"92.3%":[150],"74.8%":[154],"VRFB,":[156],"35.4%":[158],"P2G2P":[161],"which":[162],"gave":[163],"total":[165],"efficiency":[166],"65.4%.":[170],"Cost":[171],"estimated":[175],"as":[176],"\u00a30.106/kWh":[177],"while":[178],"CO2":[179],"emissions":[180],"decreased":[181],"95.8%":[183],"compared":[184],"diesel":[186],"system.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}