{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161992807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","title":"Evaluation of the reliability of markerless tumor tracking with single\u2010energy and dual\u2010energy imaging using machine learning","display_name":"Evaluation of the reliability of markerless tumor tracking with single\u2010energy and dual\u2010energy imaging using machine learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161992807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42163784","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13239570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/acm2.70621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29972171","display_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","issn_l":"1526-9914","issn":["1526-9914"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134460267","display_name":"Ha Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5246-6236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5246-6236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ha Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology Stritch School of Medicine Cardinal Bernadin Cancer Center Loyola University Chicago  Maywood Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5246-6236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology Stritch School of Medicine Cardinal Bernadin Cancer Center Loyola University Chicago  Maywood Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031353482","display_name":"Jason Luce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9891-641X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9891-641X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Luce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology Stritch School of Medicine Cardinal Bernadin Cancer Center Loyola University Chicago  Maywood Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology Stritch School of Medicine Cardinal Bernadin Cancer Center Loyola University Chicago  Maywood Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110652383","display_name":"Liangjia Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46603895","display_name":"Varian Medical Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05yab6874","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46603895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangjia Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Varian Medical System  Palo Alto California USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Varian Medical System  Palo Alto California USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46603895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004031626","display_name":"Mathias Lehmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46603895","display_name":"Varian Medical Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05yab6874","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46603895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Lehmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Varian Medical System  Palo Alto California USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Varian Medical System  Palo Alto California USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46603895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022223056","display_name":"Hyejoo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4433-0939","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4433-0939"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304196042","display_name":"Loyola University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcyt367","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1304269903"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159390","display_name":"Loyola Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04azs9g49","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159390"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyejoo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology Loyola University Medical School  Maywood Illinois USA","Department of Radiation Oncology Stritch School of Medicine Cardinal Bernadin Cancer Center Loyola University Chicago  Maywood Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4433-0939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology Loyola University Medical School  Maywood Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1925986","https://openalex.org/I4210159390"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology Stritch School of Medicine Cardinal Bernadin Cancer Center Loyola University Chicago  Maywood Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031484235","display_name":"Matthew M. Harkenrider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-4234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-4234"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304196042","display_name":"Loyola University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcyt367","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1304269903"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159390","display_name":"Loyola Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04azs9g49","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159390"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew M. Harkenrider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology Loyola University Medical School  Maywood Illinois USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology Loyola University Medical School  Maywood Illinois USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1925986","https://openalex.org/I4210159390"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032182498","display_name":"John C. Roeske","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-4254","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-4254"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127938","display_name":"Mayo Clinic Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03660jn93","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099","https://openalex.org/I4210127938"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039332","display_name":"Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center (Arizona)","ror":"https://ror.org/003xpy695","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099","https://openalex.org/I4390039332"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John C. Roeske","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic  Phoenix Arizona USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic  Phoenix Arizona USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210127938","https://openalex.org/I4390039332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032182498","https://openalex.org/A5134460267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I1925986","https://openalex.org/I4210127938","https://openalex.org/I4390039332"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28084308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"5","first_page":"e70621","last_page":"e70621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template-based-tracking","display_name":"template-based tracking","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"domain adaptation","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer-radiotherapy","display_name":"lung cancer radiotherapy","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thorax-phantom","display_name":"thorax phantom","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"logistic regression","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6991999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6977999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6202999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5620999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95020103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813492","display_name":"Match moving","level":3,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018373657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15124212","display_name":"Lung tumor","level":3,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780624872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852453","display_name":"Motion detection","level":3,"score":0.265500009059906}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015900","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050397","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/acm2.70621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29972171","display_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","issn_l":"1526-9914","issn":["1526-9914"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42163784","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42163784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied clinical medical physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13239570","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42163784/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Appl Clin Med Phys","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/acm2.70621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.70621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29972171","display_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","issn_l":"1526-9914","issn":["1526-9914"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000858531","display_name":"Markerless Motion Tracking of Lung Tumors using Dual Energy Imaging","funder_award_id":"R01CA207483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968727469","https://openalex.org/W2003167667","https://openalex.org/W2090369932","https://openalex.org/W2090505239","https://openalex.org/W2097959201","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W2582285797","https://openalex.org/W2601478441","https://openalex.org/W2760479232","https://openalex.org/W2884476785","https://openalex.org/W2903865631","https://openalex.org/W2909729347","https://openalex.org/W2912934043","https://openalex.org/W2913997948","https://openalex.org/W2944063882","https://openalex.org/W2972599768","https://openalex.org/W2982580298","https://openalex.org/W2987965025","https://openalex.org/W2995098893","https://openalex.org/W3009771842","https://openalex.org/W3097427246","https://openalex.org/W3130794141","https://openalex.org/W3156989269","https://openalex.org/W3163773593","https://openalex.org/W3164303703","https://openalex.org/W3174451482","https://openalex.org/W3192723416","https://openalex.org/W3209087919","https://openalex.org/W3209879691","https://openalex.org/W3212135906","https://openalex.org/W4200222522","https://openalex.org/W4210463688","https://openalex.org/W4284692432","https://openalex.org/W4308612094","https://openalex.org/W4313596614","https://openalex.org/W4313897974","https://openalex.org/W4322752859","https://openalex.org/W4366241847","https://openalex.org/W4377564761","https://openalex.org/W4377989430","https://openalex.org/W4383377291","https://openalex.org/W4389091299","https://openalex.org/W4389523036","https://openalex.org/W4392019876","https://openalex.org/W4392987323","https://openalex.org/W4400481092","https://openalex.org/W4401121853","https://openalex.org/W4404482551","https://openalex.org/W4404483541","https://openalex.org/W4408499585","https://openalex.org/W4411256909","https://openalex.org/W4412419006","https://openalex.org/W4412419080","https://openalex.org/W4413943907","https://openalex.org/W4414567624","https://openalex.org/W4415816066","https://openalex.org/W4416429200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972599768","https://openalex.org/W2897806013","https://openalex.org/W2026739097","https://openalex.org/W3209879691","https://openalex.org/W4308612094","https://openalex.org/W2944063882","https://openalex.org/W2066729559","https://openalex.org/W2096356867","https://openalex.org/W3009771842","https://openalex.org/W3093921342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Markerless":[2],"tumor":[3,20,29,45,106,128],"tracking":[4,32,49,121,176,191,205,264,380],"(MTT)":[5],"using":[6,69,85,114,165,172,249],"single\u2010energy":[7],"(SE)":[8],"kilovoltage":[9],"(kV)":[10],"imaging":[11,37,68,273,415],"has":[12,301],"been":[13],"proposed":[14,384],"as":[15],"a":[16,54,119,166,230,321],"technique":[17],"for":[18,64,159,271,342,352,419],"lung":[19,98],"motion":[21,152],"management.":[22],"However,":[23],"bony":[24],"structures":[25],"can":[26,38],"obscure":[27],"the":[28,40,60,127,138,145,151,155,222,285,302,310,316,325,333,356,360,364,376,389,400,409],"and":[30,42,66,71,80,96,132,169,195,217,227,233,245,252,278,289,297,345,393,397],"make":[31],"challenging.":[33],"Dual\u2010energy":[34],"(DE)":[35],"subtraction":[36],"suppress":[39],"bone":[41],"therefore":[43],"enhance":[44],"visibility,":[46],"potentially":[47],"improving":[48],"accuracy.":[50],"Purpose":[51],"To":[52,220],"develop":[53],"machine":[55],"learning":[56],"model":[57,201,240,327,335,362,366,402],"that":[58,307,413],"predicts":[59],"reliability":[61,317,390],"of":[62,318,323,391],"MTT":[63,420],"SE":[65],"DE":[67,108,414],"phantom":[70,91,131,136,226,244,343,396],"patient":[72,103,133,160,228,247,353,377,398],"data.":[73],"Methods":[74],"Images":[75],"were":[76,110,187,236,269,291,373],"collected":[77],"at":[78],"high":[79],"low":[81],"energy":[82],"(120/60":[83],"kV)":[84],"fast\u2010kV":[86],"switching":[87],"on":[88,129,184,243,257],"dynamic":[89],"thorax":[90],"with":[92,104,204,378,408],"5\u201315":[93],"diameter":[94],"targets":[95],"20":[97],"cancer":[99],"patients,":[100,260,359],"including":[101,207],"one":[102,261],"two":[105],"locations.":[107],"images":[109],"then":[111],"generated":[112],"off\u2010line":[113],"weighted":[115],"logarithmic":[116],"subtraction.":[117],"Separately,":[118],"template\u2010based":[120],"algorithm":[122],"was":[123,142,157,163,180,202,241,255],"used":[124],"to":[125,211],"track":[126],"both":[130,295],"images.":[134],"For":[135,281,294],"data,":[137,161,229],"ground":[139],"truth":[140],"(GT)":[141],"defined":[143],"by":[144],"cos":[146],"4":[147],"waveform":[148],"programmed":[149],"into":[150,189],"controller.":[153],"Since":[154],"GT":[156],"unknown":[158],"it":[162,308],"estimated":[164],"Kalman":[167],"filter":[168],"further":[170],"refined":[171],"visual":[173],"inspection.":[174],"The":[175,239,370,383],"success":[177],"rate":[178],"(TSR)":[179],"subsequently":[181],"calculated.":[182],"Based":[183],"TSR,":[185],"patients":[186],"stratified":[188],"three":[190,258,357],"groups:":[192],"good,":[193],"moderate,":[194],"poor.":[196],"A":[197],"logistic":[198],"regression":[199],"(LR)":[200],"implemented":[203],"features,":[206],"match":[208],"score,":[209],"peak":[210],"side\u2010peak":[212],"ratio":[213],"(PSR),":[214],"x":[215],"\u2010":[216],"y":[218],"\u2010velocity.":[219],"address":[221],"distribution":[223],"differences":[224],"between":[225],"domain":[231],"indicator":[232],"interaction":[234],"features":[235],"also":[237],"incorporated.":[238],"trained":[242],"17":[246],"data":[248,344],"leave\u2010one\u2010out":[250],"cross\u2010validation,":[251],"its":[253],"performance":[254,406],"evaluated":[256],"held\u2010out":[259,283,358],"from":[262],"each":[263,272,282],"group.":[265],"Separate":[266],"LR":[267,385],"models":[268,386],"developed":[270],"modality,":[274],"resulting":[275],"in":[276,375],"SE\u2010LR":[277,296,334,365,410],"DE\u2010LR":[279,298,326,361,401],"models.":[280],"patient,":[284],"confusion":[286],"matrix,":[287],"sensitivity,":[288],"specificity":[290,322],"reported.":[292],"Results":[293],"models,":[299],"PSR":[300],"largest":[303,371],"coefficient":[304],"value,":[305],"indicating":[306],"is":[309],"most":[311],"influential":[312],"factor":[313],"when":[314],"determining":[315],"tracking.":[319],"At":[320],"95%,":[324],"achieved":[328],"significantly":[329],"higher":[330],"sensitivity":[331],"than":[332],"(0.908":[336],"vs.":[337,347],"0.731,":[338],"p":[339,349],"<":[340,350],"0.01":[341,351],"0.657":[346],"0.589,":[348],"data).":[354],"In":[355],"outperformed":[363],"across":[367],"all":[368],"metrics.":[369],"gains":[372],"found":[374],"good":[379],"quality.":[381],"Conclusions":[382],"successfully":[387],"predicted":[388],"SE\u2010":[392],"DE\u2010MTT.":[394],"Across":[395],"datasets,":[399],"consistently":[403],"demonstrated":[404],"improved":[405],"compared":[407],"model,":[411],"suggesting":[412],"may":[416],"be":[417],"beneficial":[418],"applications.":[421]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}
