{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161970417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","title":"Investigating the Impact of a Music Training Programme on the Development of Rhythm, Lexicon, and Executive Functions in 2- and 4-Year-Olds","display_name":"Investigating the Impact of a Music Training Programme on the Development of Rhythm, Lexicon, and Executive Functions in 2- and 4-Year-Olds","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161970417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22313829","display_name":"Early Childhood Education Journal","issn_l":"1082-3301","issn":["1082-3301","1573-1707"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early Childhood Education Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132816365","display_name":"Ambra Natati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2074-4133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2074-4133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ambra Natati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2074-4133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006616916","display_name":"Chiara Barachetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1423-5814","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1423-5814"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Barachetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1423-5814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133200508","display_name":"Miriam Urbani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Urbani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048132687","display_name":"Marinella Majorano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5033-328X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5033-328X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marinella Majorano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5033-328X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 17 Lungadige Porta Vittoria, VR, Verona, 37129, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132816365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60018015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"6","first_page":"5475","last_page":"5489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11425","display_name":"Diverse Music Education Insights","score":0.4894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11425","display_name":"Diverse Music Education Insights","score":0.4894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10788","display_name":"Neuroscience and Music Perception","score":0.36469998955726624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11768","display_name":"Music Therapy and Health","score":0.018699999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical-training","display_name":"musical training","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhythm","display_name":"rhythm","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"vocabulary","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-function","display_name":"executive function","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inhibitory-control","display_name":"inhibitory control","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"working memory","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toddlers","display_name":"toddlers","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-children","display_name":"preschool children","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-childhood-development","display_name":"early childhood development","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-intervention","display_name":"early intervention","score":0.4169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7903000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.6559000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135343436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170406","display_name":"Rhythm","level":2,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145472048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829367","display_name":"Sociology of Education","level":2,"score":0.5428000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775968953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783092","display_name":"Executive functions","level":3,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162967406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384176","display_name":"Stroop effect","level":3,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13553968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27908","display_name":"Music education","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778796910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6033829","display_name":"Inhibitory control","level":3,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1563374","display_name":"Phonological awareness","level":3,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62737587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939179","display_name":"Vocabulary development","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197792726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191062","display_name":"Mnemonic","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109260823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407784","display_name":"Child development","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22313829","display_name":"Early Childhood Education Journal","issn_l":"1082-3301","issn":["1082-3301","1573-1707"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early Childhood Education Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10643-026-02247-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22313829","display_name":"Early Childhood Education Journal","issn_l":"1082-3301","issn":["1082-3301","1573-1707"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early Childhood Education Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.428600013256073,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8966764211654663,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324120","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161970417.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161970417.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26662613","https://openalex.org/W1560467696","https://openalex.org/W1567989379","https://openalex.org/W1582880486","https://openalex.org/W1685870920","https://openalex.org/W1732736211","https://openalex.org/W1923630145","https://openalex.org/W1974883695","https://openalex.org/W1976270361","https://openalex.org/W1982569120","https://openalex.org/W2000405415","https://openalex.org/W2007242470","https://openalex.org/W2013459406","https://openalex.org/W2019674092","https://openalex.org/W2020944885","https://openalex.org/W2031273473","https://openalex.org/W2039772160","https://openalex.org/W2059887670","https://openalex.org/W2062496528","https://openalex.org/W2069597508","https://openalex.org/W2074968238","https://openalex.org/W2091251508","https://openalex.org/W2100348566","https://openalex.org/W2103585647","https://openalex.org/W2104390011","https://openalex.org/W2105410945","https://openalex.org/W2105438133","https://openalex.org/W2108491341","https://openalex.org/W2115298523","https://openalex.org/W2132870985","https://openalex.org/W2139270507","https://openalex.org/W2147485806","https://openalex.org/W2155721440","https://openalex.org/W2159655462","https://openalex.org/W2165345255","https://openalex.org/W2168329100","https://openalex.org/W2224233427","https://openalex.org/W2406121183","https://openalex.org/W2481933101","https://openalex.org/W2554678776","https://openalex.org/W2566129194","https://openalex.org/W2588767398","https://openalex.org/W2589934834","https://openalex.org/W2737728088","https://openalex.org/W2788256404","https://openalex.org/W2810862670","https://openalex.org/W2892894833","https://openalex.org/W2904005377","https://openalex.org/W2964726125","https://openalex.org/W2964917665","https://openalex.org/W3013981904","https://openalex.org/W3036356542","https://openalex.org/W3091890746","https://openalex.org/W3207263142","https://openalex.org/W4211081781","https://openalex.org/W4211158304","https://openalex.org/W4213446076","https://openalex.org/W4240158898","https://openalex.org/W4246716206","https://openalex.org/W4293113819","https://openalex.org/W4293919501","https://openalex.org/W4296838050","https://openalex.org/W4297981110","https://openalex.org/W4298009951","https://openalex.org/W4367627383","https://openalex.org/W4406406025"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Many":[1],"studies":[2],"have":[3],"explored":[4],"the":[5,24,89,97,106,151,161,178,202],"relationship":[6],"between":[7,189],"music":[8,45],"and":[9,20,49,63,76,105,115,148,191,197,218,222,226],"developmental":[10,35],"skills,":[11],"suggesting":[12],"that":[13],"musical":[14],"training":[15,46,82,140,206],"may":[16],"foster":[17],"rhythm,":[18],"lexicon,":[19],"executive":[21,116,169],"functions.":[22],"However,":[23],"existing":[25],"literature":[26],"has":[27],"mainly":[28],"focused":[29],"on":[30,142,168,175],"preschoolers,":[31,149,172],"considering":[32,86],"a":[33,52,138,154,182,186,209],"single":[34],"domain":[36],"or":[37],"long-term":[38],"programmes.":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41],"implemented":[42],"an":[43],"8-week":[44],"for":[47,146],"2-":[48],"4-year-olds":[50,219],"with":[51,132,150],"sample":[53],"including":[54],"54":[55,64],"toddlers":[56,147],"(":[57,66],"M":[58,67],"age":[59,68],"=":[60,69],"29.0":[61],"months)":[62],"preschoolers":[65],"52.9":[70],"months),":[71],"divided":[72],"into":[73],"experimental":[74],"(62)":[75],"control":[77,195],"(46)":[78],"groups.":[79],"A":[80],"pre-post":[81],"design":[83],"was":[84,165],"employed,":[85],"rhythm":[87,190],"(using":[88,96,118],"Rhythmic":[90],"Imitation":[91],"test,":[92],"Stamback,":[93],"1980),":[94],"lexicon":[95,176],"Picture":[98,108],"Naming":[99],"Game,":[100],"Bello":[101],"et":[102,112,127],"al.,":[103,113],"2010":[104],"Peabody":[107],"Vocabulary":[109],"Test,":[110],"Stella":[111],"2000),":[114],"functions":[117,170],"Circle":[119],"Drawing,":[120],"Fish,":[121],"Stroop":[122],"Day/Night,":[123],"Keep":[124],"Track,":[125],"Usai":[126],"al.":[128],"2017a).":[129],"Repeated-measures":[130],"ANCOVAs":[131],"parental":[133],"education":[134],"as":[135,208],"covariate":[136],"showed":[137,185],"significant":[139],"effect":[141,164],"rhythmic":[143,158],"skills":[144,215],"both":[145],"latter":[152],"showing":[153],"greater":[155],"increase":[156],"in":[157,171,201,220,228],"skill":[159],"than":[160],"former.":[162],"An":[163],"also":[166],"found":[167],"but":[173],"not":[174],"at":[177],"two":[179],"ages.":[180],"Finally,":[181],"correlational":[183],"analysis":[184],"partial":[187],"relation":[188],"lexical":[192],"comprehension,":[193],"inhibitory":[194],"speed,":[196],"working":[198],"memory":[199],"accuracy":[200],"older":[203],"sample.":[204],"Music":[205],"emerges":[207],"sensitive":[210],"approach":[211],"to":[212],"support":[213],"early":[214],"of":[216],"2":[217],"nursery":[221],"kindergarten,":[223],"promoting":[224],"continuity":[225],"integration":[227],"educational":[229],"programming.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}