{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161965235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","title":"Space Atlas: Phase I scaffold and LEO benchmark for the Nervous Machine causal-learning framework","display_name":"Space Atlas: Phase I scaffold and LEO benchmark for the Nervous Machine causal-learning framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161965235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20331838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133035756","display_name":"Heidi Bennett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bennett, Heidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nervous Machine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9760-9394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nervous Machine","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133035756"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35282041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-learning","display_name":"causal learning","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermospheric-mass-density","display_name":"thermospheric density","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grace-fo","display_name":"GRACE-FO","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nrlmsise-00","display_name":"NRLMSISE-00","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-weather-forecasting","display_name":"space weather forecasting","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomagnetic-storms","display_name":"geomagnetic storms","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dst-index","display_name":"Dst index","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-wind-drivers","display_name":"solar wind drivers","score":0.4959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139002025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001212","display_name":"Lift (data mining)","level":2,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3913047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1956265","display_name":"sync","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162022261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6666827","display_name":"Logbook","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16405173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192316","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20331838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20331839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20331838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20331838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163702566","https://openalex.org/W7135222474","https://openalex.org/W2991598327","https://openalex.org/W6941354222","https://openalex.org/W7160627789","https://openalex.org/W6966368333","https://openalex.org/W7135033836","https://openalex.org/W7056602939","https://openalex.org/W3185799299","https://openalex.org/W2991909105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LEO":[0,554,568],"benchmark":[1,569],"\u2014":[2,80,115,137,324,438,452,462,467],"Nervous":[3,15],"Machine":[4,16],"vs.":[5],"NRLMSISE-00":[6,173,273],"on":[7,188,285,539],"GRACE-FO":[8,27,169,222,451],"The":[9,118,358,378,567,585,614],"reproducible":[10],"LEO-regime":[11],"demonstration":[12],"validates":[13,570],"the":[14,19,43,65,74,87,95,125,157,167,181,275,278,313,317,321,394,400,403,507,524,553,571,574,595,604,608,620,630,633],"substrate":[17,279,508,559],"against":[18],"operational":[20,158,579,626],"MSIS":[21,78,189,291,434,497],"standard":[22,580],"for":[23,337,370,583,607],"thermospheric":[24],"density,":[25],"using":[26],"accelerometer-derived":[28,223],"density":[29,224],"as":[30,419],"ground":[31],"truth":[32],"across":[33,86,255,592],"7.5":[34],"years":[35],"(2018-05":[36],"\u2192":[37,288,522],"2025-12).":[38],"This":[39,339,397,551],"directory":[40],"is":[41,46,274,292,310,399,409,423,552,619,636],"self-contained:":[42],"framework":[44,96,406,426,586,615],"math":[45,149,616],"mirrored":[47,155,617],"in":[48,105,363,573,588,623],"nm_primitives.py":[49,147,364,589],"(no":[50],"MCP":[51,159,627,634],"server":[52,635],"or":[53],"database":[54],"required).":[55],"Headline":[56],"results":[57],"From":[58],"a":[59,325,329,342,371,410,414,420,424,540,557],"single-pass":[60],"prequential":[61,326],"(predict-then-update)":[62],"run":[63],"over":[64,73],"full":[66],"record:":[67],"Anomaly-flag":[68],"precision":[69],"92.36%,":[70],"lift":[71],"7.90\u00d7":[72],"base":[75],"rate":[76],"of":[77,102,440,556],"errors":[79],"see":[81,116],"results/anomaly_detection_contingency.md":[82],"Storm":[83],"lead":[84,199],"time:":[85],"21":[88],"strongest":[89],"storms":[90],"(Dst":[91],"\u2264":[92],"\u2212100":[93],"nT),":[94],"reached":[97],"SEVERE-tier":[98],"flag":[99],"severity":[100,202],"ahead":[101],"peak":[103],"Dst":[104],"14,":[106],"median":[107],"+111h":[108],"(4.6":[109],"days);":[110],"range":[111],"+2h":[112],"to":[113,392],"+239h":[114],"results/lead_time_by_severity.md":[117],"committed":[119,134,525],"result":[120,209,526],"tables":[121,210,527],"are":[122,132,368,442,590],"regenerated":[123],"by":[124,201],"scripts":[126],"below;":[127],"large":[128],"intermediate":[129,430,546],"data":[130],"files":[131,431],"not":[133,328,413,443],"(see":[135],"\"Data\"":[136],"they":[138],"regenerate":[139,446],"from":[140,156,166,244,248,312,447,487],"public":[141,448],"archives).":[142],"What's":[143],"here":[144,618],"File":[145],"Role":[146],"Framework":[148],"(\u03b5,":[150],"\u03b7,":[151],"\u0394W,":[152],"Z":[153],"evolution),":[154],"server.":[160],"Standalone.":[161],"extract_obs_jsonl.py":[162,493],"Build":[163,482],"per-observation":[164],"JSONL":[165,486],"TOLEOS":[168,220,450,488],"archive":[170,456],"benchmark_msis.py":[171,503],"Compute":[172,496],"predictions":[174,499],"per":[175],"observation":[176,318,483],"(real-time":[177,500],"F10.7/Ap)":[178,501],"learn_gracefo_full_year.py":[179,518],"Train":[180,506],"substrate:":[182],"streaming":[183,305,510],"single-pass,":[184],"regime-split":[185],"prior,":[186,596],"additive-residual":[187],"baseline":[190,498],"analyze_flag_vs_msis.py":[191,529],"2\u00d72":[192],"contingency,":[193],"precision/recall/lift":[194],"(\u2192":[195,204],"results/anomaly_detection_contingency.md)":[196],"analyze_lead_time.py":[197,531],"Per-storm":[198],"time":[200],"tier":[203],"results/lead_time_by_severity.md)":[205],"results/":[206],"Committed":[207],"small":[208],"(the":[211,625],"headline":[212],"numbers)":[213],"Method,":[214],"briefly":[215],"Ground":[216],"truth:":[217],"TU":[218,453],"Delft":[219,454],"v02c":[221],"(CC":[225,457],"BY":[226,458],"4.0),":[227],"hourly-averaged,":[228],"460\u2013510":[229],"km":[230],"altitude":[231],"band.":[232],"Drivers:":[233],"hourly":[234,466],"L1":[235],"measurements":[236],"(solar":[237],"wind":[238],"speed/density,":[239],"IMF":[240],"Bz,":[241],"Dst,":[242],"AE)":[243],"NOAA":[245,464],"OMNI;":[246],"F10.7/Ap":[247],"CelesTrak":[249,460],"SW-All.":[250],"Graph:":[251],"356":[252],"driver\u2192voxel":[253],"edges":[254,267],"latitude":[256],"\u00d7":[257],"local-solar-time":[258],"voxels,":[259],"each":[260],"driver":[261,485],"split":[262],"into":[263],"3":[264],"solar-flux":[265],"regime":[266,555,576],"(low/mid/high":[268],"F10.7).":[269],"Baseline":[270],"+":[271,484,489,515],"composition:":[272],"prediction":[276,309],"baseline;":[277],"learns":[280],"an":[281,578],"additive":[282],"residual":[283,353],"correction":[284],"top":[286],"(W":[287],"0":[289,296],"where":[290,297,577],"right,":[293],"W":[294],"\u2260":[295],"it":[298,408],"has":[299],"systematic":[300],"bias).":[301],"Evaluation:":[302],"single":[303],"online":[304],"pass":[306],"(predict-then-update).":[307],"Each":[308],"made":[311],"edge":[314,322,436,513],"state":[315],"before":[316],"arrives,":[319],"then":[320],"updates":[323],"evaluation,":[327],"frozen":[330],"train/test":[331],"split.":[332],"\u03b5":[333,344,346,373],"convention":[334,374],"note":[335],"(important":[336],"auditing)":[338],"pipeline":[340,379,404],"uses":[341],"z-score":[343,395],"convention:":[345],"=":[347],"(pred":[348],"\u2212":[349],"obs)":[350],"/":[351,561,563,565],"per-voxel":[352],"std,":[354],"typical":[355],"magnitude":[356,376],"~1\u03c3.":[357],"framework's":[359],"default":[360],"magnitude-tolerance":[361],"constants":[362,384],"(W_STEP,":[365],"Z_BIAS_TOL,":[366],"Z_STD_TOL)":[367],"calibrated":[369],"relative-residual":[372],"(typical":[375],"~0.1).":[377],"therefore":[380],"rescales":[381],"those":[382],"three":[383],"together":[385],"(W_STEP":[386],"0.10\u21920.02,":[387],"Z_BIAS_TOL":[388],"0.05\u21920.30,":[389],"Z_STD_TOL":[390],"0.15\u21921.00)":[391],"match":[393],"scale.":[396],"rescaling":[398],"only":[401,594],"place":[402],"overrides":[405],"defaults;":[407],"scale-consistency":[411],"adjustment,":[412],"behavioral":[415],"change.":[416,602],"(Formalizing":[417],"this":[418],"constructor":[421],"parameter":[422],"planned":[425],"cleanup.)":[427],"Data":[428],"Large":[429],"(per-obs":[432],"JSONL,":[433],"preds,":[435],"trajectory":[437,514],"hundreds":[439],"MB)":[441],"committed.":[444],"They":[445],"archives:":[449],"thermosphere":[455],"4.0)":[459],"SW-All":[461],"https://celestrak.org/SpaceData/SW-All.csv":[463],"OMNI":[465,490],"heliospheric/geomagnetic":[468],"drivers":[469],"Reproduce":[470],"#":[471,480,494,504,519],"0.":[472],"Dependencies":[473],"pip":[474],"install":[475],"numpy":[476],"matplotlib":[477],"nrlmsise00":[478],"pyyaml":[479],"1.":[481],"archives":[491],"python3":[492,502,517,528,530],"2.":[495],"3.":[505],"(single":[509],"pass;":[511],"writes":[512],"preds)":[516],"4.":[520],"Analysis":[521],"regenerates":[523],"Approximate":[532],"total":[533],"compute:":[534],"~30":[535],"min":[536],"including":[537],"downloads":[538],"2024":[541],"Apple-silicon":[542],"laptop;":[543],"~6":[544],"GB":[545],"storage.":[547],"Provenance":[548],"and":[549,599,611],"scope":[550],"four-regime":[558],"(LEO":[560],"GEO":[562],"cislunar":[564],"Mars).":[566],"architecture":[572],"drag":[575],"(MSIS)":[581],"exists":[582],"comparison.":[584],"primitives":[587],"identical":[591],"regimes;":[593],"validation":[597],"endpoints,":[598],"domain":[600],"helpers":[601],"See":[603],"parent":[605],"repository":[606],"GEO,":[609],"cislunar,":[610],"Mars":[612],"configurations.":[613],"source-of-truth":[621],"implementation":[622],"~/NM-learning-loop/mcp_validation.py":[624],"server).":[628],"If":[629],"two":[631],"disagree,":[632],"authoritative.":[637]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}