{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161959941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","title":"Technical note: Evaluation of snow water equivalent from large-scale land-surface products over Italy","display_name":"Technical note: Evaluation of snow water equivalent from large-scale land-surface products over Italy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161959941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","pdf_url":"https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/30/6763/2026/hess-30-6763-2026.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93121129","display_name":"Hydrology and earth system sciences","issn_l":"1027-5606","issn":["1027-5606","1607-7938"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/30/6763/2026/hess-30-6763-2026.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055091602","display_name":"G\u00f6khan Sarigil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-5169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-5169"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00f6khan Sarigil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-5169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077286939","display_name":"Mattia Neri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-085X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-085X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mattia Neri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna (Bologna, Italy)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-085X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna (Bologna, Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029545993","display_name":"Francesco Avanzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-2373","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-2373"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108930","display_name":"CIMA Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01w5y4543","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108930"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Avanzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIMA Research Foundation, University Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-2373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIMA Research Foundation, University Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016451354","display_name":"Elena Toth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-7901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-7901"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Toth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-7901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077286939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1725},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1725},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27152025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"21","first_page":"6763","last_page":"6787"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow-water-equivalent","display_name":"snow water equivalent","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-surface-products","display_name":"land surface products","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/era5-land","display_name":"ERA5-Land","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow-cover-duration","display_name":"snow cover duration","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mountain-hydrology","display_name":"mountain hydrology","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alps","display_name":"Alps","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apennines","display_name":"Apennines","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow-accumulation-and-ablation","display_name":"snow accumulation and ablation","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.8101000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.7282999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018601724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27862396","display_name":"Water equivalent","level":3,"score":0.7092000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983043445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow cover","level":3,"score":0.6868000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53739315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295","display_name":"Streamflow","level":3,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64649846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754697","display_name":"Snowmelt","level":3,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126197015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586683","display_name":"Hydrological modelling","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698936","display_name":"Temporal scales","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133830359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81041","display_name":"Water cycle","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","pdf_url":"https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/30/6763/2026/hess-30-6763-2026.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93121129","display_name":"Hydrology and earth system sciences","issn_l":"1027-5606","issn":["1027-5606","1607-7938"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-2026-2484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2484","pdf_url":"https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2484/egusphere-2026-2484.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EGUsphere","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f4338e2e4a174c8caadd4b412a122352","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f4338e2e4a174c8caadd4b412a122352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol 30, Pp 6763-6787 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6763-2026","pdf_url":"https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/30/6763/2026/hess-30-6763-2026.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93121129","display_name":"Hydrology and earth system sciences","issn_l":"1027-5606","issn":["1027-5606","1607-7938"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G503348230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE0000005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161959941.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161959941.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521627754","https://openalex.org/W1560807794","https://openalex.org/W1665675053","https://openalex.org/W1752626349","https://openalex.org/W1969016187","https://openalex.org/W1980210658","https://openalex.org/W1986722213","https://openalex.org/W1987288027","https://openalex.org/W1992276095","https://openalex.org/W1995538308","https://openalex.org/W2014953946","https://openalex.org/W2018608667","https://openalex.org/W2019676969","https://openalex.org/W2021436787","https://openalex.org/W2079397555","https://openalex.org/W2087663388","https://openalex.org/W2090592000","https://openalex.org/W2096842752","https://openalex.org/W2098235774","https://openalex.org/W2103497845","https://openalex.org/W2116767975","https://openalex.org/W2139004160","https://openalex.org/W2141018440","https://openalex.org/W2150948381","https://openalex.org/W2280185397","https://openalex.org/W2286784379","https://openalex.org/W2333078797","https://openalex.org/W2507570964","https://openalex.org/W2523385904","https://openalex.org/W2586790789","https://openalex.org/W2597944323","https://openalex.org/W2773050709","https://openalex.org/W2876418872","https://openalex.org/W2896198709","https://openalex.org/W2898057761","https://openalex.org/W2979460632","https://openalex.org/W2990743833","https://openalex.org/W2992820108","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3092564748","https://openalex.org/W3093017969","https://openalex.org/W3096161430","https://openalex.org/W3110273309","https://openalex.org/W3128140653","https://openalex.org/W3136179920","https://openalex.org/W3166285157","https://openalex.org/W3187239567","https://openalex.org/W3191570576","https://openalex.org/W3196592972","https://openalex.org/W4226246431","https://openalex.org/W4283218100","https://openalex.org/W4283574522","https://openalex.org/W4283662180","https://openalex.org/W4308968755","https://openalex.org/W4319595779","https://openalex.org/W4322768160","https://openalex.org/W4385239362","https://openalex.org/W4385693309","https://openalex.org/W4386207802","https://openalex.org/W4389145730","https://openalex.org/W4391512344","https://openalex.org/W4392151121","https://openalex.org/W4396813388","https://openalex.org/W4399048885","https://openalex.org/W4401232992","https://openalex.org/W4403741276","https://openalex.org/W4404033676","https://openalex.org/W4406486523","https://openalex.org/W4407675027","https://openalex.org/W4407797273","https://openalex.org/W4408157033","https://openalex.org/W4410944592","https://openalex.org/W4412176662","https://openalex.org/W4413735839","https://openalex.org/W4415616759","https://openalex.org/W4417156632","https://openalex.org/W6921358682","https://openalex.org/W6950546941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128881787","https://openalex.org/W4408474798","https://openalex.org/W4406486523","https://openalex.org/W1979818948","https://openalex.org/W2992562544","https://openalex.org/W3084600857","https://openalex.org/W4319595779","https://openalex.org/W2876418872","https://openalex.org/W4411003297","https://openalex.org/W2494598510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"Snow":[1],"water":[2,11,27],"equivalent":[3],"(SWE)":[4],"is":[5,68,162],"a":[6,327],"critical":[7],"hydrological":[8],"variable":[9],"for":[10,58,345],"resource":[12],"management":[13],"in":[14,65,94,172,206,237,247,266,288,355,375],"mountainous":[15,376],"regions,":[16],"where":[17,260],"seasonal":[18],"snowpacks":[19],"function":[20],"as":[21],"natural":[22],"reservoirs":[23],"regulating":[24],"streamflow":[25],"and":[26,100,127,149,161,169,188,190,233,262,277,283,296,361],"supply.":[28],"While":[29],"high-resolution,":[30],"observation-constrained":[31],"regional":[32,79,107,204],"or":[33,78],"national":[34,133],"snow":[35,102,150,186,234,270,284,373],"products":[36,354,367],"provide":[37,83],"reliable":[38],"daily":[39,158],"SWE":[40,67,113,148,159,198,232,256,282,333,349],"estimates":[41,114,350],"at":[42],"fine":[43],"spatial":[44],"resolution":[45],"(less":[46],"than":[47,245],"1":[48],"km),":[49],"their":[50,56,87],"limited":[51,97],"temporal":[52,154,222,299],"coverage":[53],"often":[54],"restricts":[55],"use":[57,347],"long-term":[59,356],"hydro-climatological":[60,357],"studies.":[61],"Large-scale":[62],"land-surface":[63,71,118,353],"products,":[64,119],"which":[66],"derived":[69],"from":[70,351],"model":[72],"simulations":[73],"driven":[74],"by":[75,92,164],"atmospheric":[76,183],"reanalyses":[77],"dynamical":[80],"downscaling":[81],"systems,":[82],"multi-decadal":[84],"coverage,":[85],"but":[86,226,251],"reliability":[88],"may":[89,304],"be":[90,305,369],"affected":[91],"biases":[93,171,244,325],"meteorological":[95,317],"forcing,":[96],"topographic":[98],"representation,":[99],"simplified":[101],"process":[103],"parameterisation,":[104],"requiring":[105],"rigorous":[106],"evaluation.":[108],"This":[109,340],"study":[110,341],"evaluates":[111],"the":[112,121,124,128,132,182,193,196,220,238,248,267,273,289,297,320,331,346,366],"of":[115,145,157,167,195,316,330,338,348],"three":[116],"large-scale":[117,352],"i.e.,":[120],"global":[122],"ERA5-Land,":[123],"European":[125],"CERRA-Land,":[126],"Italian":[129,249],"VHR-REA_IT,":[130],"against":[131],"reference":[134],"dataset":[135],"IT-SNOW":[136],"across":[137,215,257],"Italy.":[138],"The":[139,200],"analysis":[140,156],"combines":[141],"grid-scale":[142],"bias":[143],"assessment":[144],"mean":[146,230,254],"annual":[147,231,255],"cover":[151,235,285],"duration":[152,236],"with":[153,209,224,301,313],"correlation":[155,223],"series,":[160],"complemented":[163],"an":[165],"evaluation":[166],"precipitation":[168,264],"temperature":[170],"each":[173,179],"product,":[174],"providing":[175],"insight":[176],"into":[177],"how":[178],"product":[180,207,212],"represents":[181],"conditions":[184],"governing":[185],"accumulation":[187],"ablation":[189],"thereby":[191],"supporting":[192],"interpretation":[194],"identified":[197],"discrepancies.":[199],"results":[201,321],"show":[202],"clear":[203],"differences":[205],"performance,":[208],"no":[210,314],"single":[211],"performing":[213],"best":[214],"all":[216,337],"metrics.":[217],"ERA5-Land":[218,246,276],"shows":[219,241,293],"strongest":[221],"IT-SNOW,":[225],"tends":[227],"to":[228,280,307,363,371],"overestimate":[229],"Alps.":[239],"CERRA-Land":[240,278],"more":[242],"moderate":[243],"Alps,":[250],"generally":[252],"underestimates":[253],"most":[258],"subregions,":[259],"autumn":[261],"winter":[263],"deficits":[265],"forcing":[268,324],"limit":[269],"accumulation.":[271],"Across":[272],"Apennines,":[274],"both":[275],"tend":[279],"underestimate":[281],"duration,":[286],"particularly":[287],"northern":[290],"sectors.":[291],"VHR-REA_IT":[292],"widespread":[294],"underestimation":[295],"weakest":[298],"correspondence":[300],"IT-SNOW:":[302],"this":[303],"due":[306],"its":[308],"fully":[309],"coupled":[310],"atmosphere\u2013land":[311],"architecture":[312],"assimilation":[315],"observations.":[318],"Overall,":[319],"suggest":[322],"that":[323],"explain":[326],"substantial":[328],"part":[329],"observed":[332],"discrepancies,":[334],"although":[335],"not":[336],"them.":[339],"provides":[342],"useful":[343],"insights":[344],"assessments":[358],"over":[359],"Italy":[360],"helps":[362],"understand":[364],"whether":[365],"can":[368],"used":[370],"evaluate":[372],"dynamics":[374],"regions":[377],"lacking":[378],"high-quality":[379],"benchmark":[380],"estimates.":[381]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}