{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161574494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","title":"A geological disaster risk prediction method using susceptibility and ensemble learning algorithms: direct economic loss prediction","display_name":"A geological disaster risk prediction method using susceptibility and ensemble learning algorithms: direct economic loss prediction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161574494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198573919","display_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","issn_l":"1866-6280","issn":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123759542","display_name":"Daixun He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daixun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048281105","display_name":"H Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-2539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-2539","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6206-0277","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-4362","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1652-9681","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4991-2353","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1544-8008"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huayu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123773149","display_name":"Rui Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136356286","display_name":"Leilei Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leilei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034995121","display_name":"Bharat Rattan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6278-347X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6278-347X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharat Rattan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136437451","display_name":"Zizhao Liang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zizhao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Civil and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123773149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"fwci":29.1254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99664128,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13941","display_name":"Geotechnical and Mining Engineering","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-susceptibility","display_name":"disaster susceptibility","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"ensemble learning","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catboost","display_name":"CatBoost","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"stacking","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslides","display_name":"landslides","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rockfall","display_name":"rockfall","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris-flows","display_name":"debris flows","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-fissures","display_name":"ground fissures","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-subsidence","display_name":"land subsidence","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-collapse","display_name":"ground collapse","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-source-data-fusion","display_name":"multi-source data fusion","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-china","display_name":"South China","score":0.7590000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.6111999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.5817000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5421000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781113848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915366","display_name":"Geological survey","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186295008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903","display_name":"Landslide","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117765406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362437","display_name":"Generalization error","level":3,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62555980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420","display_name":"Emergency management","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637703","display_name":"Debris","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162040801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q799897","display_name":"Bootstrap aggregating","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166566181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8065","display_name":"Natural disaster","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173420294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3743627","display_name":"Geologic hazards","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198573919","display_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","issn_l":"1866-6280","issn":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12665-026-12970-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198573919","display_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","issn_l":"1866-6280","issn":["1866-6280","1866-6299"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Earth Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7720127105712891,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2987951588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52278339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6231892890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3001000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7390100641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KQTD20210811090112003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8382017971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KQTD20210811090112003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8647710353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3001000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161574494.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161574494.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W427226654","https://openalex.org/W1984054461","https://openalex.org/W2031553845","https://openalex.org/W2611545629","https://openalex.org/W2737760865","https://openalex.org/W2768799235","https://openalex.org/W2899596911","https://openalex.org/W2911424673","https://openalex.org/W2915483120","https://openalex.org/W2942851257","https://openalex.org/W2983310873","https://openalex.org/W3045352753","https://openalex.org/W3134811368","https://openalex.org/W3178683332","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W4224047255","https://openalex.org/W4285794683","https://openalex.org/W4295270875","https://openalex.org/W4308119964","https://openalex.org/W4321601957","https://openalex.org/W4327563547","https://openalex.org/W4376631529","https://openalex.org/W4377143209","https://openalex.org/W4386006766","https://openalex.org/W4386285259","https://openalex.org/W4388059795","https://openalex.org/W4392345877","https://openalex.org/W4399360940","https://openalex.org/W4402612767","https://openalex.org/W4402702375","https://openalex.org/W4403463622","https://openalex.org/W4404201702","https://openalex.org/W4405485617","https://openalex.org/W4408215485","https://openalex.org/W4408464020","https://openalex.org/W4409012284","https://openalex.org/W4410389242","https://openalex.org/W7084576520","https://openalex.org/W7115949468"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geological":[0],"disasters":[1,225],"have":[2],"led":[3],"to":[4,31,50,73,81,214],"significant":[5],"economic":[6,44,55,175],"losses":[7,206],"and":[8,23,35,68,96,117,122,142],"casualties":[9],"in":[10],"South":[11],"China.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"indicators":[15],"for":[16,241,254],"predicting":[17],"geological":[18,37,53,65,85,153,173,224],"disaster":[19,38,54,66,154,174],"risk":[20],"are":[21,71,103,207,212],"inconsistent":[22],"generally":[24],"lack":[25],"physical":[26],"meanings.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"aims":[30],"develop":[32],"an":[33,188],"intuitive":[34],"reliable":[36,172,256],"prediction":[39,57,177],"method":[40],"by":[41],"using":[42,78,105,132],"direct":[43],"loss":[45,56,176],"as":[46,179],"the":[47,180,184,194,205,209,215,229,235],"output":[48],"indicator":[49],"establish":[51],"a":[52,75,170,201],"(GELP)":[58],"model.":[59],"First,":[60],"multi-source":[61,161],"data,":[62],"including":[63,110],"exposure,":[64],"susceptibility,":[67],"disaster-causing":[69],"factors,":[70],"integrated":[72],"create":[74],"GELP":[76,101,257],"database":[77],"data":[79,162,221],"related":[80],"six":[82],"types":[83],"of":[84,191,237],"disasters,":[86],"i.e.,":[87],"landslides,":[88],"rockfalls,":[89],"debris":[90],"flows,":[91],"ground":[92,97],"fissures,":[93],"land":[94],"subsidence,":[95],"collapse.":[98],"Next,":[99],"multiple":[100,223],"models":[102,167],"developed":[104],"three":[106],"ensemble":[107,164],"learning":[108,126,166],"algorithms,":[109],"categorical":[111],"boosting":[112],"(CatBoost),":[113],"Stacked":[114],"Generalization":[115],"(Stacking)":[116],"Extreme":[118],"Gradient":[119],"Boosting":[120],"(XGBoost),":[121],"two":[123],"single":[124],"machine":[125,165],"algorithms.":[127],"The":[128,156],"performance":[129],"is":[130,150],"evaluated":[131],"R-squared":[133],"(R":[134],"2":[135,190],"),":[136],"Root":[137],"Mean":[138,143],"Squared":[139],"Error":[140,145],"(RMSE),":[141],"Absolute":[144],"(MAE),":[146],"whereas":[147],"their":[148],"reliability":[149],"validated":[151],"through":[152],"cases.":[155],"results":[157],"show":[158],"that":[159],"integrating":[160,219],"with":[163],"can":[168],"produce":[169],"more":[171,242],"model,":[178],"CatBoost":[181,195],"model":[182,196],"performs":[183],"best":[185],"overall,":[186],"achieving":[187],"R":[189],"0.67.":[192],"Additionally,":[193],"demonstrates":[197],"high":[198],"accuracy":[199],"at":[200],"county":[202],"scale.":[203],"When":[204],"smaller,":[208],"models\u2019":[210,230],"predictions":[211],"closer":[213],"actual":[216],"values.":[217],"Furthermore,":[218],"historical":[220],"from":[222],"not":[226],"only":[227],"enhances":[228],"applicability":[231],"but":[232],"also":[233],"enlarges":[234],"scale":[236],"training":[238],"datasets,":[239],"allowing":[240],"thorough":[243],"training,":[244],"which":[245],"significantly":[246],"improves":[247],"performance.":[248],"These":[249],"findings":[250],"offer":[251],"valuable":[252],"insights":[253],"developing":[255],"models.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}