{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160945895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","title":"Public Services Under Private Management","display_name":"Public Services Under Private Management","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160945895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/qje/qjag028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003402706","display_name":"Ma\u00edra Coube","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2703-1240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2703-1240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52977244","display_name":"Insper","ror":"https://ror.org/02nmavx05","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52977244"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma\u00edra Coube","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSPER\u2013Institute of Education and Research ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSPER\u2013Institute of Education and Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52977244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019541722","display_name":"Luiz Felipe Fontes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-3852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-3852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52977244","display_name":"Insper","ror":"https://ror.org/02nmavx05","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52977244"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz Felipe Fontes","raw_affiliation_strings":["INSPER\u2013Institute of Education and Research ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSPER\u2013Institute of Education and Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52977244"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034720959","display_name":"Rudi Rocha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-6963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-6963"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600936","display_name":"Escola de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o de Empresas de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0rrp38","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600936","https://openalex.org/I44202434"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268857","display_name":"Instituto de Estudos para Pol\u00edticas de Sa\u00fade","ror":"https://ror.org/02a0c3996","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268857"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudi Rocha","raw_affiliation_strings":["FGV\u2013S\u00e3o Paulo School of Business Administration, Brazil, IEPS\u2013Institute for Health Policy Studies ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FGV\u2013S\u00e3o Paulo School of Business Administration, Brazil, IEPS\u2013Institute for Health Policy Studies ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400600936","https://openalex.org/I4405268857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":7619,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7619},"apc_paid":{"value":7619,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7619},"fwci":21.0573,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99222807,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"141","issue":"3","first_page":"2597","last_page":"2673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.25099998712539673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.25099998712539673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13896","display_name":"Health Services Management and Policy","score":0.1665000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.14810000360012054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-service-outsourcing","display_name":"public service outsourcing","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-efficiency","display_name":"hospital efficiency","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-quality","display_name":"hospital quality","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-capacity","display_name":"management capability","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incomplete-contracts","display_name":"incomplete contracts","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-staffing","display_name":"hospital staffing","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-reduction","display_name":"mortality reduction","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brazilian-health-system","display_name":"Brazilian health system","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777512617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783605","display_name":"Staffing","level":2,"score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.7077999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.6089000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.548799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.5332000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71405471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757012","display_name":"Quality management","level":3,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780110086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161837","display_name":"Public service","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018677572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Contracting out","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778287611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public management","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775860198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257872","display_name":"Public hospital","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/qje/qjag028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/qje/qjag028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjag028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4231870174407959}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5986588163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIHR133252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526293641","https://openalex.org/W1562558871","https://openalex.org/W1677595927","https://openalex.org/W1810961557","https://openalex.org/W1854941794","https://openalex.org/W1953110671","https://openalex.org/W1982381727","https://openalex.org/W1984288743","https://openalex.org/W1988069196","https://openalex.org/W1999363508","https://openalex.org/W2010191063","https://openalex.org/W2013915050","https://openalex.org/W2017299421","https://openalex.org/W2025183095","https://openalex.org/W2027193605","https://openalex.org/W2034924046","https://openalex.org/W2035654228","https://openalex.org/W2051113535","https://openalex.org/W2052450650","https://openalex.org/W2070492332","https://openalex.org/W2070639717","https://openalex.org/W2100746853","https://openalex.org/W2108548811","https://openalex.org/W2110992065","https://openalex.org/W2121782344","https://openalex.org/W2122679534","https://openalex.org/W2138419200","https://openalex.org/W2140626184","https://openalex.org/W2140956556","https://openalex.org/W2141445845","https://openalex.org/W2142604108","https://openalex.org/W2144089836","https://openalex.org/W2145644832","https://openalex.org/W2146820219","https://openalex.org/W2149902237","https://openalex.org/W2156148770","https://openalex.org/W2162455264","https://openalex.org/W2163375020","https://openalex.org/W2163572461","https://openalex.org/W2165556152","https://openalex.org/W2171273625","https://openalex.org/W2190067552","https://openalex.org/W2262603336","https://openalex.org/W2290769459","https://openalex.org/W2299010922","https://openalex.org/W2329503388","https://openalex.org/W2496913809","https://openalex.org/W2559231861","https://openalex.org/W2755738367","https://openalex.org/W2770987755","https://openalex.org/W2789475652","https://openalex.org/W2796140636","https://openalex.org/W2804205650","https://openalex.org/W2809710353","https://openalex.org/W2884644831","https://openalex.org/W2889658425","https://openalex.org/W2889997957","https://openalex.org/W2890433879","https://openalex.org/W2891715444","https://openalex.org/W2902060816","https://openalex.org/W2911372086","https://openalex.org/W2912110689","https://openalex.org/W2914186565","https://openalex.org/W2961215481","https://openalex.org/W2965916662","https://openalex.org/W2968296616","https://openalex.org/W3004121743","https://openalex.org/W3022328933","https://openalex.org/W3022790766","https://openalex.org/W3022954220","https://openalex.org/W3024569664","https://openalex.org/W3024658202","https://openalex.org/W3035893801","https://openalex.org/W3082153786","https://openalex.org/W3098942840","https://openalex.org/W3113269512","https://openalex.org/W3121175415","https://openalex.org/W3121196325","https://openalex.org/W3121387877","https://openalex.org/W3122082991","https://openalex.org/W3122129671","https://openalex.org/W3122684442","https://openalex.org/W3123111923","https://openalex.org/W3124083483","https://openalex.org/W3124248000","https://openalex.org/W3124536214","https://openalex.org/W3125441893","https://openalex.org/W3134056268","https://openalex.org/W3150759713","https://openalex.org/W3176710758","https://openalex.org/W3185828813","https://openalex.org/W4214561588","https://openalex.org/W4221025814","https://openalex.org/W4285132590","https://openalex.org/W4307742189","https://openalex.org/W4319997120","https://openalex.org/W4377229860","https://openalex.org/W4379383781","https://openalex.org/W4385581106","https://openalex.org/W4387868071","https://openalex.org/W4388096210","https://openalex.org/W4390831952","https://openalex.org/W4403893759","https://openalex.org/W4407596442","https://openalex.org/W4415285615","https://openalex.org/W4415699637","https://openalex.org/W7118500384","https://openalex.org/W7160945895"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Theory":[1],"predicts":[2],"that":[3,55,135],"outsourcing":[4],"public":[5,39,144],"services":[6,41],"to":[7,42,81,129,156],"the":[8,27,43,47,50,140],"private":[9,44,121],"sector":[10,45],"can":[11,18,138],"reduce":[12],"costs":[13],"and":[14,22,60,69,84,111,152],"improve":[15],"efficiency":[16,62,94],"but":[17],"also":[19],"induce":[20],"cost-cutting":[21],"compromise":[23],"quality.":[24],"We":[25,53],"assess":[26],"Brazilian":[28],"Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es":[29],"Sociais":[30],"de":[31],"Saude":[32],"model":[33],"(OSS),":[34],"which":[35],"outsources":[36],"management":[37,99,125],"of":[38],"hospital":[40,58,67,82,98],"while":[46],"state":[48],"remains":[49],"residual":[51],"claimant.":[52],"show":[54,134],"this":[56],"enhances":[57],"production":[59,73],"operational":[61,93],"without":[63],"adverse":[64],"effects":[65],"on":[66],"quality":[68,153],"equity.":[70],"Increased":[71],"inpatient":[72],"addresses":[74],"previously":[75],"unmet":[76],"demand,":[77],"expanding":[78],"local":[79],"access":[80],"care":[83],"reducing":[85],"population":[86],"mortality.":[87],"Performance":[88],"gains":[89],"arise":[90],"from":[91],"improved":[92],"achieved":[95],"through":[96],"increased":[97],"capacity.":[100,131],"This":[101],"facilitates":[102],"staffing":[103],"adjustments,":[104],"favoring":[105],"higher-skilled":[106],"personnel,":[107],"dismissing":[108],"lower-productivity":[109],"staff,":[110],"adopting":[112],"flexible,":[113],"performance-tied":[114],"employment":[115],"contracts.":[116],"Effects":[117],"are":[118,150],"larger":[119],"among":[120],"organizations":[122],"with":[123],"more":[124],"experience,":[126],"underscoring":[127],"returns":[128],"managerial":[130],"Our":[132],"findings":[133],"incentive-ownership":[136],"structures":[137],"address":[139],"quantity-quality":[141],"trade-off":[142],"in":[143],"service":[145],"delivery,":[146],"even":[147],"when":[148],"contracts":[149],"incomplete":[151],"is":[154],"hard":[155],"measure.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}
