{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160900510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","title":"Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Bacteriophage Therapy for Resistant Bacterial Infections","display_name":"Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Bacteriophage Therapy for Resistant Bacterial Infections","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160900510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42291894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.108749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/487209-efficacy-and-safety-outcomes-of-bacteriophage-therapy-for-resistant-bacterial-infections.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/487209-efficacy-and-safety-outcomes-of-bacteriophage-therapy-for-resistant-bacterial-infections.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058457060","display_name":"Luke Cho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147380","display_name":"California Northstate University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h0d2228","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128529015","display_name":"Hannah Chang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147380","display_name":"California Northstate University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h0d2228","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070486451","display_name":"Evan Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7865-7411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7865-7411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147380","display_name":"California Northstate University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h0d2228","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147380"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089251212","display_name":"Thiru Rajagopal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801620527","display_name":"Mercy General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04bt00m07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801620527","https://openalex.org/I2802827176"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiru Rajagopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Surgery, Mercy General Hospital, Sacramento, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Surgery, Mercy General Hospital, Sacramento, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801620527"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30059597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"e108749","last_page":"e108749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11048","display_name":"Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11048","display_name":"Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11826","display_name":"Ocular Infections and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10957","display_name":"Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phage-therapy","display_name":"phage therapy","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phage-cocktail","display_name":"phage cocktail","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-resistant-bacterial-infections","display_name":"antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-infection","display_name":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterial-infection","display_name":"mycobacterial infection","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helicobacter-pylori-infection","display_name":"Helicobacter pylori infection","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-efficacy","display_name":"treatment efficacy","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-events","display_name":"adverse events","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776441376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165028","display_name":"Bacteriophage","level":4,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993328841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotic therapy","level":3,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779256223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q611870","display_name":"Phage therapy","level":5,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.108749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/487209-efficacy-and-safety-outcomes-of-bacteriophage-therapy-for-resistant-bacterial-infections.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42291894","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42291894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13262687","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13262687/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.108749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.108749","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/487209-efficacy-and-safety-outcomes-of-bacteriophage-therapy-for-resistant-bacterial-infections.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.41881224513053894,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160900510.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160900510.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978934923","https://openalex.org/W2027117705","https://openalex.org/W2040274090","https://openalex.org/W2468566089","https://openalex.org/W2531269403","https://openalex.org/W2889354225","https://openalex.org/W2895726097","https://openalex.org/W2910246763","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W2990398323","https://openalex.org/W2994689390","https://openalex.org/W3012009772","https://openalex.org/W3026446570","https://openalex.org/W3081896631","https://openalex.org/W3118087469","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3132606228","https://openalex.org/W3173684050","https://openalex.org/W3175417702","https://openalex.org/W3210003391","https://openalex.org/W3212566322","https://openalex.org/W4214926690","https://openalex.org/W4281677682","https://openalex.org/W4281760779","https://openalex.org/W4308745149","https://openalex.org/W4381050540","https://openalex.org/W4382798066","https://openalex.org/W4387691732","https://openalex.org/W4389625687","https://openalex.org/W4394590266","https://openalex.org/W4394996040","https://openalex.org/W4399572904","https://openalex.org/W4399888256","https://openalex.org/W4400451987","https://openalex.org/W4404825033","https://openalex.org/W4405640734","https://openalex.org/W4407596451","https://openalex.org/W4408537571","https://openalex.org/W4409313907","https://openalex.org/W4411890240","https://openalex.org/W4413257703","https://openalex.org/W4416449968"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phage":[0,245,337],"therapy,":[1],"the":[2,49,76,105,118,143,171,205,213,216,251,278,315],"therapeutic":[3,329,356],"use":[4],"of":[5,41,51,81,91,104,120,151,156,168,179,207,215],"bacteriophages":[6],"for":[7,84,109,250,256,261,342],"multi-drug":[8],"resistant":[9,85],"bacterial":[10,57,86,275],"infections,":[11,58,224,254,344],"is":[12,64],"an":[13],"understudied":[14],"treatment":[15,29,197,335,365],"approach":[16],"that":[17,46],"has":[18],"been":[19],"receiving":[20],"increased":[21],"interest":[22],"in":[23,65,123,153,274],"recent":[24],"years.":[25],"With":[26],"multiple":[27],"different":[28,334],"strategies":[30],"(e.g.,":[31],"oral":[32,260],"vs.":[33],"intravenous":[34],"(IV))":[35],"as":[36,38,59,61],"well":[37,60],"varying":[39],"types":[40],"bacteriophage":[42,82],"combinations":[43],"(phage":[44],"cocktails)":[45],"are":[47,324,370],"possible,":[48],"effectiveness":[50],"these":[52],"phage":[53,121],"cocktails":[54,122],"on":[55,75,130,221,267,303],"certain":[56],"overall":[62],"safety,":[63,289],"question.":[66],"This":[67],"systematic":[68,89],"review":[69],"aims":[70],"to":[71,98,190,240,314,355],"analyze":[72],"current":[73],"evidence":[74],"efficacy":[77,119],"and":[78,94,112,132,149,183,196,232,259,328,333,357,363],"safety":[79,131,351],"outcomes":[80,182],"therapy":[83,338],"infections.":[87],"A":[88],"search":[90],"PubMed,":[92],"Embase,":[93],"Scopus":[95],"was":[96],"conducted":[97],"investigate":[99],"clinical":[100],"studies":[101,116,141,164,203,219,266,281],"following":[102],"guidelines":[103],"Preferred":[106],"Reporting":[107],"Items":[108],"Systematic":[110],"Reviews":[111],"Meta-analyses":[113],"(PRISMA).":[114],"Included":[115],"addressed":[117],"bacterial-resistant":[124],"infections":[125,238],"with":[126,348],"a":[127,176,349],"secondary":[128],"focus":[129],"adverse":[133,184,297,306],"events.":[134,298],"Two":[135,218,299],"independent":[136],"reviewers":[137],"assessed":[138],"randomized":[139,162],"controlled":[140,163,173],"using":[142],"Cochrane":[144],"Risk-of-Bias":[145],"2":[146],"(ROB-2)":[147],"tool":[148],"Risk":[150],"Bias":[152],"Non-randomized":[154],"Studies":[155],"Interventions":[157],"(ROBINS-I)":[158],"tool.":[159],"The":[160,264,318],"three":[161],"demonstrated":[165,270],"low":[166],"risk":[167,178],"bias,":[169],"while":[170,225,277],"non-randomized":[172],"study":[174,193,227,234,291,323],"showed":[175],"serious":[177],"bias.":[180],"Patient":[181],"events":[185],"were":[186,309],"narratively":[187],"synthesized":[188,320],"due":[189,354],"heterogeneity":[191],"across":[192],"populations,":[194],"pathogens,":[195],"protocols.":[198],"In":[199],"total,":[200],"only":[201],"four":[202],"met":[204],"scope":[206],"this":[208,322],"review,":[209],"which":[210,308],"significantly":[211],"limits":[212],"interpretation":[214],"results.":[217,287],"focused":[220],"Pseudomonas":[222],"aeruginosa":[223,253,269],"one":[226],"looked":[228],"at":[229],"Mycobacterium":[230,257],"spp.,":[231,258],"another":[233],"examined":[235],"Helicobacter":[236],"pylori":[237],"known":[239],"hold":[241],"some":[242],"antibiotic":[243],"resistance.":[244],"administration":[246],"ranged":[247],"from":[248,321],"topical/aerosol":[249],"P.":[252,268,346],"IV/aerosol":[255],"H.":[262],"pylori.":[263],"two":[265,280],"statistically":[271,285,294,311],"significant":[272,286,295,312],"reductions":[273],"presence,":[276],"other":[279],"did":[282],"not":[283,310],"demonstrate":[284],"Regarding":[288],"no":[290],"reported":[292],"any":[293],"severe":[296,305],"trials":[300,369],"provided":[301],"data":[302],"less":[304],"events,":[307],"compared":[313],"comparison":[316],"groups.":[317],"trends":[319],"limited":[325],"by":[326],"disease":[327,358],"heterogeneity,":[330,359],"sample":[331,361],"size,":[332],"durations.":[336],"shows":[339],"early":[340],"promise":[341],"drug-resistant":[343],"particularly":[345],"aeruginosa,":[347],"favorable":[350],"profile.":[352],"However,":[353],"small":[360],"sizes,":[362],"variable":[364],"durations,":[366],"larger":[367],"dedicated":[368],"needed.":[371]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}