{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160893046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","title":"Constitutional Validity of Scientific Interrogation Techniques in India: An Analysis of Narco-Analysis, Polygraph and Brain Mapping Tests","display_name":"Constitutional Validity of Scientific Interrogation Techniques in India: An Analysis of Narco-Analysis, Polygraph and Brain Mapping Tests","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160893046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","pdf_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407000720","display_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","issn_l":"2456-8880","issn":["2456-8880"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717791.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135915129","display_name":"Yestin Gautam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191972202","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n9z0v62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yestin Gautam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amity Law School , Noida"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amity Law School , Noida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135915129"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3035025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.8817999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.8817999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.10700000077486038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13076","display_name":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygraph","display_name":"polygraph","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-incrimination","display_name":"self-incrimination","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-privacy","display_name":"right to privacy","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/article-21","display_name":"Article 21","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-freedom","display_name":"individual liberty","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/admissibility-of-evidence","display_name":"admissibility of evidence","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-evidence-act-1872","display_name":"Indian Evidence Act 1872","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voluntariness-of-confession","display_name":"voluntariness of confession","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coercive-interrogation","display_name":"coercive interrogation","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-investigation","display_name":"criminal investigation","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-a-fair-trial","display_name":"right to a fair trial","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776240099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327018","display_name":"Interrogation","level":2,"score":0.7483999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37428701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1686381","display_name":"Polygraph","level":2,"score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544040105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132781","display_name":"Torture","level":3,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778637750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1795654","display_name":"Testimonial","level":2,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504945742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal procedure","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779878133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275462","display_name":"Presumption of innocence","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170706310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216","display_name":"Common law","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18650270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11206","display_name":"Constitutional law","level":2,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776119841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837675","display_name":"Jury","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71043370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4932206","display_name":"Jurisprudence","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2905670","display_name":"Reasonable doubt","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776437466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60920","display_name":"Lie detection","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124056412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3320364","display_name":"Scientific evidence","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48764862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898871","display_name":"Judicial review","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778890055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192543","display_name":"Legal doctrine","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85085810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1219996","display_name":"Confession (law)","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95691615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237872","display_name":"Fundamental rights","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","pdf_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407000720","display_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","issn_l":"2456-8880","issn":["2456-8880"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64388/irev9i11-1717791","pdf_url":"https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1717791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407000720","display_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","issn_l":"2456-8880","issn":["2456-8880"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iconic Research and Engineering Journals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6590560078620911,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160893046.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160893046.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Narco-analysis,":[0],"often":[1],"described":[2],"as":[3,10,43,185],"a":[4,11,44],"\u201ctruth":[5],"serum\u201d":[6],"technique,":[7],"has":[8],"emerged":[9],"controversial":[12,168],"tool":[13],"in":[14,18,121,182,250],"criminal":[15,39,251],"investigations,":[16],"particularly":[17,120],"India.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21,146],"critically":[22],"examines":[23],"the":[24,35,59,67,83,93,101,107,149,158,165,186,190,195,210,245],"scientific":[25,225],"validity,":[26],"legal":[27,180,236],"permissibility,":[28],"and":[29,58,70,82,113,141,167,189,206,227,244],"constitutional":[30,223],"implications":[31],"of":[32,37,61,73,85,95,100,103,125,135,152,170,179,229,247],"narco-analysis":[33,51,156],"within":[34],"framework":[36],"Indian":[38,159],"jurisprudence.":[40],"While":[41],"projected":[42],"modern":[45],"alternative":[46],"to":[47,111,130,198,203],"coercive":[48,205],"interrogation":[49],"methods,":[50,243],"raises":[52],"serious":[53],"concerns":[54],"regarding":[55],"reliability,":[56],"voluntariness,":[57],"protection":[60],"fundamental":[62],"rights.":[63],"The":[64,145],"research":[65,211],"traces":[66],"historical":[68],"evolution":[69],"pharmacological":[71],"basis":[72],"narco-analysis,":[74,214],"highlighting":[75],"its":[76,216],"inherent":[77],"limitations,":[78],"including":[79],"suggestibility,":[80],"hallucinations,":[81],"risk":[84],"false":[86],"or":[87],"distorted":[88],"responses.":[89],"It":[90,232],"further":[91,193],"analyzes":[92],"doctrine":[94],"self-incrimination":[96],"under":[97,115,157,173],"Article":[98,116],"20(3)":[99],"Constitution":[102],"India,":[104],"along":[105],"with":[106,222],"closely":[108],"related":[109],"rights":[110,249],"silence":[112],"privacy":[114],"21.":[117],"Judicial":[118],"interpretations,":[119],"Selvi":[122],"v.":[123],"State":[124],"Karnataka,":[126],"have":[127],"been":[128],"examined":[129],"establish":[131],"that":[132,213],"involuntary":[133],"administration":[134],"such":[136,184,200],"techniques":[137,201],"constitutes":[138],"testimonial":[139],"compulsion":[140],"violates":[142],"personal":[143],"liberty.":[144],"also":[147],"evaluates":[148],"evidentiary":[150],"inadmissibility":[151],"statements":[153],"obtained":[154],"through":[155],"Evidence":[160],"Act,":[161],"1872,":[162],"while":[163],"addressing":[164],"limited":[166],"scope":[169],"derivative":[171],"use":[172],"Section":[174],"27.":[175],"A":[176],"comparative":[177],"analysis":[178],"positions":[181],"jurisdictions":[183],"United":[187,191],"States":[188],"Kingdom":[192],"reinforces":[194],"global":[196],"reluctance":[197],"accept":[199],"due":[202],"their":[204],"unreliable":[207],"nature.":[208],"Ultimately,":[209],"concludes":[212],"despite":[215],"perceived":[217],"investigative":[218],"utility,":[219],"is":[220],"incompatible":[221],"safeguards,":[224],"standards,":[226],"principles":[228],"fair":[230],"trial.":[231],"advocates":[233],"for":[234],"stricter":[235],"regulation,":[237],"enhanced":[238],"reliance":[239],"on":[240],"conventional":[241],"forensic":[242],"prioritization":[246],"human":[248],"investigations.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}
