{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160201701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","title":"Evaluating LLM-based Text Simplification for German: Effects on Post-Editing Effort, Quality Ratings, and User Comprehension","display_name":"Evaluating LLM-based Text Simplification for German: Effects on Post-Editing Effort, Quality Ratings, and User Comprehension","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160201701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","pdf_url":"http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2026/pdf/2026.lrec2026-1.571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407088301","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2026/pdf/2026.lrec2026-1.571.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021622544","display_name":"Luisa Carrer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luisa Carrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied Linguistics , ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Linguistics , ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025273523","display_name":"Andreas S\u00e4uberli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9613-334X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9613-334X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas S\u00e4uberli","raw_affiliation_strings":["MaiNLP , Center for Information and Language Processing , LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MaiNLP , Center for Information and Language Processing , LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078584342","display_name":"Martin Kappus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-579X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-579X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Kappus","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied Linguistics , ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Linguistics , ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135115915","display_name":"Lukas Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6332-5558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6332-5558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Linguistics , University of Zurich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Linguistics , University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044706756","display_name":"Sarah Ebling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-5085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-5085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Ebling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Linguistics , University of Zurich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Linguistics , University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24525524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7192","last_page":"7208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-simplification","display_name":"text simplification","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-language","display_name":"German language","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-editing-effort","display_name":"post-editing effort","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"readability","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-understanding","display_name":"user understanding","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-ratings","display_name":"quality ratings","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-evaluation","display_name":"stakeholder evaluation","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accessibility","display_name":"accessibility","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user-evaluation","display_name":"end-user evaluation","score":0.32499998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6712999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","pdf_url":"http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2026/pdf/2026.lrec2026-1.571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407088301","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/36888","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/36888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401811","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"doi:10.21256/zhaw-36888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-36888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-36888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051289","display_name":"ZHAW Digital Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63317/3688akbpcnjn","pdf_url":"http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2026/pdf/2026.lrec2026-1.571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407088301","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327931","display_name":"Innosuisse - Schweizerische Agentur f\u00fcr Innovationsf\u00f6rderung","ror":"https://ror.org/05a2bhn71"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160201701.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160201701.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160434132","https://openalex.org/W7166519968","https://openalex.org/W6967383364","https://openalex.org/W7130642590","https://openalex.org/W4388491949","https://openalex.org/W4413855361","https://openalex.org/W7113134011","https://openalex.org/W4416033729","https://openalex.org/W4385570956","https://openalex.org/W7217794502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"text":[1],"simplification":[2],"(ATS)":[3],"seeks":[4],"to":[5,15,128,168],"automate":[6],"the":[7,12,38,50,89,92,108,132,159],"process":[8],"of":[9,53,68,91,110,124,161],"rewording":[10],"within":[11],"same":[13],"language":[14],"enhance":[16],"readability":[17],"and":[18,34,42,45,77,83,139],"comprehension.Current":[19],"evaluation":[20,67,167],"practices":[21],"for":[22,73,149],"ATS":[23,54,71,94,148,166],"systems":[24,72,95],"predominantly":[25],"rely":[26],"on":[27],"automatic":[28],"metrics":[29],"or":[30],"assessments":[31],"by":[32,62,78],"experts":[33],"crowdworkers,":[35],"often":[36],"excluding":[37],"intended":[39],"end":[40,80],"users":[41],"other":[43],"stakeholders,":[44],"thus":[46],"limiting":[47],"insights":[48],"into":[49,165],"actual":[51],"effectiveness":[52,90],"models.In":[55],"this":[56,60],"study,":[57],"we":[58],"address":[59],"gap":[61],"conducting":[63],"a":[64],"multi-faceted,":[65],"mixed-method":[66],"two":[69],"LLM-based":[70,93],"German":[74,150],"(capito.aiand":[75],"GPT-4o)":[76],"involving":[79],"users,":[81],"post-editors,":[82],"Easy":[84],"Language":[85],"experts.The":[86],"findings":[87],"highlight":[88],"examined":[96],"across":[97],"several":[98],"dimensions,":[99],"including":[100],"post-editing":[101],"efficiency,":[102],"expert":[103],"quality":[104],"assessments,":[105],"and,":[106,156],"in":[107,117,122,137],"case":[109],"GPT-4o-generated":[111],"simplifications,":[112],"user":[113],"comprehension.Post-editing":[114],"effort":[115],"metrics,":[116],"particular,":[118],"show":[119],"an":[120],"increase":[121],"productivity":[123],"around":[125],"30%":[126],"compared":[127],"full":[129],"manual":[130],"simplification.Moreover,":[131],"results":[133],"reveal":[134],"substantial":[135],"differences":[136],"perception":[138],"understanding":[140],"among":[141],"participant":[142],"groups.These":[143],"outcomes":[144],"clearly":[145],"indicate":[146],"that":[147],"has":[151],"recently":[152],"made":[153],"considerable":[154],"progress":[155],"crucially,":[157],"underscore":[158],"importance":[160],"incorporating":[162],"multiple":[163],"stakeholders":[164],"better":[169],"align":[170],"system":[171],"performance":[172],"with":[173],"accessibility":[174],"goals.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00"}
