{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160054955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","title":"THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES IN URBAN POPULATIONS \u2013 NARRATIVE REVIEW","display_name":"THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES IN URBAN POPULATIONS \u2013 NARRATIVE REVIEW","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160054955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","pdf_url":"https://www.journal-archiveuromedica.eu/archiv-euromedica-02-2026/pdf/3-THE-IMPACT-OF-AIR-POLLUTION-ON-THE-INCIDENCE-AND-PROGRESSION-OF-UPPER-RESPIRATORY-TRACT-DISEASES-IN-URBAN-POPULATIONS-NARRATIVE-REVIEW.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173642","display_name":"Archiv Euromedica","issn_l":"2193-3863","issn":["2193-3863","2199-885X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archiv Euromedica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.journal-archiveuromedica.eu/archiv-euromedica-02-2026/pdf/3-THE-IMPACT-OF-AIR-POLLUTION-ON-THE-INCIDENCE-AND-PROGRESSION-OF-UPPER-RESPIRATORY-TRACT-DISEASES-IN-URBAN-POPULATIONS-NARRATIVE-REVIEW.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127640692","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Stermach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7763-2126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7763-2126"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 Stermach","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7763-2126","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092649844","display_name":"Nina Kubikowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4351-1256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4351-1256"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina Kubikowska","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4351-1256","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135161923","display_name":"Iga Poprawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5965-9240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5965-9240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I268303160","display_name":"Medical University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/04p2y4s44","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iga Poprawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical University of Warsaw , Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5965-9240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Warsaw , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140786877","display_name":"Artur Marcysiak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8801-3836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8801-3836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121032520","display_name":"Medical University of Lublin","ror":"https://ror.org/016f61126","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121032520"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I268303160","display_name":"Medical University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/04p2y4s44","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artur Marcysiak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical University of Lublin , Poland","Medical University of Warsaw , Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Lublin , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121032520"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Warsaw , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064063324","display_name":"Agata Leszek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9799-6299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9799-6299"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agata Leszek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw , Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw , Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135228009","display_name":"Zuzanna Lecyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0738-9781","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0738-9781"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuzanna Lecyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw , Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0738-9781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw , Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075694290","display_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Krukowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5637-0006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5637-0006"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Krukowski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5637-0006","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127622856","display_name":"Zuzanna G\u0105sior","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2946-5751","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2946-5751"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130748","display_name":"Ministry of Interior and Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03c86nx70","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405284533","display_name":"Szpital Powiatowy im. dr Tytusa Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego w Zakopanem","ror":"https://ror.org/03r7p6d54","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405284533"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuzanna G\u0105sior","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of the Interior and Administration , Warsaw , Poland","Tytus Cha\u0142ubi\u0144ski District Hospital in Zakopane , Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2946-5751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of the Interior and Administration , Warsaw , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130748"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tytus Cha\u0142ubi\u0144ski District Hospital in Zakopane , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405284533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135257379","display_name":"Pawe\u0142 Miko\u0142ajczak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pawe\u0142 Miko\u0142ajczak","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Medical Institute of the"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Medical Institute of the","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130266668","display_name":"Aleksandra Marcysiak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4301-2362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4301-2362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121032520","display_name":"Medical University of Lublin","ror":"https://ror.org/016f61126","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121032520"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I268303160","display_name":"Medical University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/04p2y4s44","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra Marcysiak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical University of Lublin , Poland","Medical University of Warsaw , Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Lublin , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121032520"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical University of Warsaw , Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I268303160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11002","display_name":"Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"air pollution","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-respiratory-tract-diseases","display_name":"upper respiratory tract diseases","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-rhinosinusitis","display_name":"chronic rhinosinusitis","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allergic-rhinitis","display_name":"allergic rhinitis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-rhinosinusitis","display_name":"acute sinusitis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulate-matter","display_name":"particulate matter","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-dioxide","display_name":"nitrogen dioxide","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm10","display_name":"PM10","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-population","display_name":"urban population","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"environmental health","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mucosal-inflammation","display_name":"mucosal inflammation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-progression","display_name":"disease progression","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-utilization","display_name":"health care utilization","score":0.7289999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6248999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.602400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779644171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13400765","display_name":"Respiratory tract","level":3,"score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776012195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754447","display_name":"Respiratory tract infections","level":3,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987853052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollutants","level":3,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780805593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622199","display_name":"Upper respiratory tract infection","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776178081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546","display_name":"Respiratory disease","level":3,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776780178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199804","display_name":"COPD","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019717275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183344","display_name":"Chronic rhinosinusitis","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12125","display_name":"Common cold","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","pdf_url":"https://www.journal-archiveuromedica.eu/archiv-euromedica-02-2026/pdf/3-THE-IMPACT-OF-AIR-POLLUTION-ON-THE-INCIDENCE-AND-PROGRESSION-OF-UPPER-RESPIRATORY-TRACT-DISEASES-IN-URBAN-POPULATIONS-NARRATIVE-REVIEW.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173642","display_name":"Archiv Euromedica","issn_l":"2193-3863","issn":["2193-3863","2199-885X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archiv Euromedica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35630/2026/16/iss.2.3","pdf_url":"https://www.journal-archiveuromedica.eu/archiv-euromedica-02-2026/pdf/3-THE-IMPACT-OF-AIR-POLLUTION-ON-THE-INCIDENCE-AND-PROGRESSION-OF-UPPER-RESPIRATORY-TRACT-DISEASES-IN-URBAN-POPULATIONS-NARRATIVE-REVIEW.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173642","display_name":"Archiv Euromedica","issn_l":"2193-3863","issn":["2193-3863","2199-885X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archiv Euromedica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160054955.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160054955.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551928422","https://openalex.org/W2020587749","https://openalex.org/W2317658101","https://openalex.org/W2405019496","https://openalex.org/W2899867564","https://openalex.org/W2904396437","https://openalex.org/W2919670357","https://openalex.org/W2999105223","https://openalex.org/W3032433933","https://openalex.org/W3041124631","https://openalex.org/W3078985262","https://openalex.org/W3128305042","https://openalex.org/W3160600210","https://openalex.org/W3198087242","https://openalex.org/W3201647683","https://openalex.org/W4220980925","https://openalex.org/W4224309749","https://openalex.org/W4281388459","https://openalex.org/W4312045026","https://openalex.org/W4313598079","https://openalex.org/W4316034927","https://openalex.org/W4385683530","https://openalex.org/W4391232319","https://openalex.org/W4393192932","https://openalex.org/W4394768938","https://openalex.org/W4399080919","https://openalex.org/W4399222265","https://openalex.org/W4400211456","https://openalex.org/W4401830175","https://openalex.org/W4404077617","https://openalex.org/W4411655029","https://openalex.org/W4411865295","https://openalex.org/W4411928273","https://openalex.org/W4413927006","https://openalex.org/W4415243834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411655029","https://openalex.org/W7217462165","https://openalex.org/W7133201002","https://openalex.org/W3160600210","https://openalex.org/W3167947018","https://openalex.org/W7165689324","https://openalex.org/W3097607191","https://openalex.org/W7149337382","https://openalex.org/W2765577588","https://openalex.org/W7124488180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Air":[1],"pollution":[2,57,293],"remains":[3,267],"a":[4,33,47,92,295],"major":[5],"environmental":[6,39,340],"health":[7],"factor":[8,298],"in":[9,150,163,193,220,240,260,280,342],"urban":[10,55],"populations,":[11,79],"with":[12,71,91,113,207,249,300,364],"sustained":[13],"exposure":[14,178,225,244,281,341],"to":[15,28,152,179,226,232,351,369],"particulate":[16,180,202],"matter":[17,181,203],"and":[18,31,41,58,68,80,102,111,136,142,169,182,185,190,196,228,236,252,269,285,303,314,330,361,373],"gaseous":[19,183],"pollutants.":[20],"The":[21,104,271,317],"upper":[22,59,146,307],"respiratory":[23,60,147,308],"tract":[24,61,148,309],"is":[25,294,321],"directly":[26],"exposed":[27],"inhaled":[29],"pollutants":[30,184],"represents":[32],"primary":[34],"site":[35],"of":[36,51,73,82,115,145,158,257,274,287,305,319,339,345,355],"interaction":[37],"between":[38,54,109,177],"factors":[40],"mucosal":[42],"inflammation.":[43],"Aims":[44],"To":[45],"provide":[46],"clinically":[48,296],"oriented":[49],"analysis":[50],"the":[52,83,164,301],"association":[53],"air":[56,154,292],"diseases,":[62,310],"including":[63,254],"chronic":[64,194,261,312,324],"rhinosinusitis,":[65,325],"allergic":[66,197,315,328],"rhinitis,":[67,329],"acute":[69,265,333],"sinusitis,":[70],"assessment":[72],"clinical":[74,143,343,375],"outcomes,":[75],"pathophysiological":[76],"mechanisms,":[77],"vulnerable":[78],"limitations":[81],"current":[84],"evidence":[85,320],"base.":[86],"Methods":[87],"A":[88,156],"narrative":[89],"review":[90],"structured":[93],"literature":[94],"search":[95,105],"was":[96,230,245],"conducted":[97],"using":[98],"PubMed,":[99],"Google":[100],"Scholar,":[101],"ResearchGate.":[103],"covered":[106],"studies":[107,121,160,277,363],"published":[108],"2016":[110],"2025,":[112],"inclusion":[114],"selected":[116,221,306],"earlier":[117],"landmark":[118],"studies.":[119],"Eligible":[120],"included":[122,162],"cohort,":[123],"case":[124],"control,":[125],"time":[126],"series":[127],"studies,":[128],"randomized":[129],"trials,":[130],"as":[131,133],"well":[132],"systematic":[134],"reviews":[135],"meta":[137],"analyses":[138],"evaluating":[139],"incidence,":[140,187],"progression,":[141],"outcomes":[144],"diseases":[149],"relation":[151],"ambient":[153],"pollution.":[155],"total":[157],"44":[159],"were":[161,175,204],"final":[165],"synthesis":[166],"after":[167],"screening":[168],"eligibility":[170],"assessment.":[171],"Results":[172],"Consistent":[173],"associations":[174,219],"identified":[176],"increased":[186,233,255],"symptom":[188,237],"severity,":[189,253],"healthcare":[191],"utilization":[192],"rhinosinusitis":[195,313],"rhinitis.":[198,316],"Effect":[199],"estimates":[200],"for":[201,212,264,323,327,332],"generally":[205],"modest,":[206],"odds":[208],"ratios":[209],"around":[210],"1.2":[211],"PM10,":[213],"while":[214,348],"nitrogen":[215],"dioxide":[216],"showed":[217],"stronger":[218],"analyses.":[222],"Short":[223],"term":[224,243],"PM2.5":[227],"NO2":[229],"linked":[231],"outpatient":[234],"visits":[235],"exacerbations,":[238],"particularly":[239,311],"children.":[241],"Long":[242],"more":[246],"consistently":[247],"associated":[248,299],"disease":[250,346],"persistence":[251],"likelihood":[256],"surgical":[258],"interventions":[259],"rhinosinusitis.":[262],"Evidence":[263],"sinusitis":[266],"limited":[268,331],"heterogeneous.":[270],"main":[272],"sources":[273],"variability":[275],"across":[276],"include":[278],"differences":[279],"assessment,":[282],"diagnostic":[283],"criteria,":[284],"control":[286],"confounding":[288],"factors.":[289],"Conclusions":[290],"Urban":[291],"relevant":[297],"burden":[302],"course":[304],"strength":[318],"highest":[322],"moderate":[326],"sinusitis.":[334],"Current":[335],"data":[336],"support":[337],"consideration":[338],"interpretation":[344],"dynamics,":[347],"remaining":[349],"insufficient":[350],"justify":[352],"direct":[353],"modification":[354],"standard":[356],"treatment":[357],"algorithms.":[358],"Further":[359],"prospective":[360],"interventional":[362],"standardized":[365],"methodology":[366],"are":[367],"required":[368],"clarify":[370],"causal":[371],"relationships":[372],"improve":[374],"applicability.":[376]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00"}