{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160018445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","title":"Effect of Fentanyl Added to Bupivacaine for Intrathecal Injection on the Outcome of Neonates Delivered by Caesarean Section under Spinal Anaesthesia","display_name":"Effect of Fentanyl Added to Bupivacaine for Intrathecal Injection on the Outcome of Neonates Delivered by Caesarean Section under Spinal Anaesthesia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160018445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42857470","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13652578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404669116","display_name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","issn_l":"2992-5827","issn":["2992-5827"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of West African College of Surgeons","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135237578","display_name":"Idris Mohammad El-Amin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Idris Mohammad El-Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114138511","display_name":"Lawal Ibrahim Ibrahim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawal Ibrahim Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135109902","display_name":"Mohammed Rabiu Isa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Rabiu Isa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135271254","display_name":"Yakubu Saidu Yusuf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yakubu Saidu Yusuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135272282","display_name":"Yakubu Hamisu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yakubu Hamisu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135258761","display_name":"Toro Shehu Mohammed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toro Shehu Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094217168","display_name":"Abdullahi Sheidu Owuda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullahi Sheidu Owuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134071040","display_name":"A Yakubu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abubakar Yakubu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), ABU Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114138503","display_name":"Ifeanyi Kene Aghadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8599-8169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8599-8169"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I307268238","display_name":"Kaduna State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0063tkv49","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I307268238"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aghadi Ifeanyi Kene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, Kaduna State University (KASU) and Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital (BDTH), Kaduna, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, Kaduna State University (KASU) and Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital (BDTH), Kaduna, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I307268238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135234192","display_name":"Junaidu Habiba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122091","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03237y496","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaidu Habiba","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Post-Basic Nursing Programmes (Paediatrics), ABUTH Zaria, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Post-Basic Nursing Programmes (Paediatrics), ABUTH Zaria, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135237578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410","https://openalex.org/I4210122091"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29084216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"425","last_page":"432"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10453","display_name":"Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fentanyl","display_name":"fentanyl","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bupivacaine","display_name":"bupivacaine","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrathecal-administration","display_name":"intrathecal administration","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-anesthesia","display_name":"spinal anesthesia","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cesarean-section","display_name":"cesarean section","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neonatal-outcomes","display_name":"neonatal outcomes","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apgar-score","display_name":"Apgar score","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/umbilical-cord-blood-gases","display_name":"umbilical cord blood gas","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperbaric-bupivacaine","display_name":"hyperbaric bupivacaine","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9315000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781328992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422806","display_name":"Bupivacaine","level":2,"score":0.8797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.852400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781072394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407541","display_name":"Fentanyl","level":2,"score":0.7853999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776279924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228036","display_name":"Caesarean section","level":3,"score":0.723800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778052368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210797","display_name":"Apgar score","level":4,"score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778994108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868462","display_name":"Local anesthetic","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776955114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172563","display_name":"Umbilical cord","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8213797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754250","display_name":"Respiratory rate","level":4,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172680121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513","display_name":"Fetus","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157820659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320251","display_name":"Intrathecal","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779537118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618362","display_name":"Arterial blood","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777785397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492194","display_name":"Group B","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780775167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606","display_name":"Spinal cord","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778964498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1724233","display_name":"Umbilical artery","level":4,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781258859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060890","display_name":"Shivering","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778445469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10658237","display_name":"Neuraxial blockade","level":3,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777495988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217111","display_name":"Bradycardia","level":4,"score":0.2637999951839447}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404669116","display_name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","issn_l":"2992-5827","issn":["2992-5827"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of West African College of Surgeons","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42857470","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42857470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13652578","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42857470/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J West Afr Coll Surg","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_13_25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404669116","display_name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","issn_l":"2992-5827","issn":["2992-5827"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of West African College of Surgeons","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial"},{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771070587","https://openalex.org/W2006048791","https://openalex.org/W2009301074","https://openalex.org/W2013351768","https://openalex.org/W2030095647","https://openalex.org/W2035495317","https://openalex.org/W2036815415","https://openalex.org/W2519831661","https://openalex.org/W2529558258","https://openalex.org/W2747769657","https://openalex.org/W2974831726","https://openalex.org/W2983357651","https://openalex.org/W3168754467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3190173331","https://openalex.org/W2187594992","https://openalex.org/W4210349077","https://openalex.org/W2799524608","https://openalex.org/W2134208957","https://openalex.org/W167614708","https://openalex.org/W2738921672","https://openalex.org/W2035495317","https://openalex.org/W2613659473","https://openalex.org/W4407338505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background:":[1],"Addition":[2],"of":[3,16,22,25,67,83,103,237],"fentanyl":[4,35,72,149,279],"to":[5,61,74,250],"0.5%":[6,77,129],"hyperbaric":[7,78,130],"bupivacaine":[8,17,79,223,262],"for":[9],"subarachnoid":[10],"block":[11],"(SAB)":[12],"enhances":[13],"the":[14,20,26,38,50,65,81,166,204,217,222,238],"efficacy":[15],"and":[18,40,46,63,69,92,100,106,119,132,172,188,200,203,210,233],"enables":[19],"use":[21],"reduced":[23],"doses":[24],"two":[27],"drugs,":[28],"thereby":[29],"minimising":[30],"their":[31],"adverse":[32],"effects.":[33],"However,":[34],"may":[36],"cross":[37],"placenta":[39],"cause":[41],"chest":[42],"wall":[43],"rigidity,":[44],"cardiovascular":[45],"respiratory":[47],"depression":[48],"in":[49,53,133,216],"foetus,":[51],"resulting":[52],"poor":[54],"neonatal":[55,243],"outcome.":[56],"Objectives:":[57],"This":[58],"study":[59],"aimed":[60],"determine":[62],"compare":[64],"effects":[66],"20":[68,277],"25":[70,287],"\u00b5g":[71,278],"added":[73],"10":[75],"mg":[76],"on":[80],"outcome":[82],"neonates":[84,239],"delivered":[85],"by":[86],"caesarean":[87],"section":[88],"under":[89],"SAB.":[90],"Materials":[91],"Methods:":[93],"Ninety-nine":[94],"pregnant":[95],"women,":[96],"aged":[97],"18\u201345":[98],"years":[99],"American":[101],"Society":[102],"Anaesthesiologists":[104],"I":[105],"II,":[107],"were":[108,191,213,240],"randomly":[109],"divided":[110],"into":[111],"three":[112],"equal":[113],"groups:":[114],"group":[115,117,120,123,135,142,156,225,248,251],"A,":[116],"B,":[118],"C.":[121],"Each":[122],"received":[124,137,144,158,261,270,276,286],"2":[125,186,211,235],"mL":[126,139,146,152,160],"(10":[127],"mg)":[128],"bupivacaine,":[131],"addition,":[134],"A":[136,249],"0.5":[138,159],"normal":[140,153,242],"saline,":[141,154],"B":[143],"0.4":[145],"(20":[147],"\u00b5g)":[148,162],"+":[150],"0.1":[151],"whereas":[155,273],"C":[157,252],"(25":[161],"fentanyl.":[163],"Following":[164],"delivery,":[165],"newborn":[167],"babies\u2019":[168],"Apgar":[169,196],"scores,":[170],"Neurological":[171],"Adaptive":[173],"Capacity":[174],"Scores":[175],"(NACS),":[176],"umbilical":[177],"cord":[178],"arterial":[179],"blood":[180],"gas,":[181],"peripheral":[182],"oxygen":[183],"saturation":[184],"(SpO":[185],"),":[187],"pulse":[189],"rate":[190],"assessed.":[192],"Results:":[193],"The":[194,230],"mean":[195,205,231],"scores":[197],"at":[198,207],"1":[199],"5":[201],"min":[202,209],"NACS":[206],"15":[208],"h":[212],"significantly":[214],"lower":[215],"fentanyl/bupivacaine":[218],"groups":[219],"compared":[220],"with":[221],"only":[224,263],"(":[226,253],"P":[227,254],"<":[228,255],"0.001).":[229],"pH":[232],"SpO":[234],"/PR":[236],"within":[241],"range":[244],"but":[245],"decreased":[246],"from":[247],"0.05).":[256],"Conclusions:":[257],"Neonates":[258],"whose":[259],"mothers":[260],"had":[264,280],"better":[265,281],"outcomes":[266,282],"than":[267,283],"those":[268,274,284],"who":[269,275,285],"bupivacaine/fentanyl":[271],"combination,":[272],"\u00b5g.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00"}