{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155192601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","title":"Study on initiation patterns and critical conditions of debris flows in typical small watersheds on the North piedmont of the Qinling Mountains","display_name":"Study on initiation patterns and critical conditions of debris flows in typical small watersheds on the North piedmont of the Qinling Mountains","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155192601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023190224","display_name":"Hongquan Teng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongquan Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123043403","display_name":"Hongyuan Cao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134238841","display_name":"Jianglong Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianglong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134332235","display_name":"Jiawei Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101675305","display_name":"Xin Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4450"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044353948","display_name":"Wei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1452-1555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1452-1555"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Geology and Underground Space, Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062407871","display_name":"Daozheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-8022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-8022"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36819085","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7snj24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36819085"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daozheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, Northwest University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, Northwest University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36819085","https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062407871"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36819085","https://openalex.org/I37802460"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":3.5006,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85966981,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris-flow-initiation","display_name":"debris flow initiation","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-conditions","display_name":"critical conditions","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-intensity","display_name":"rainfall intensity","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slope-gradient","display_name":"slope gradient","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-density","display_name":"dry density","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrogressive-erosion","display_name":"retrogressive erosion","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-watersheds","display_name":"small watersheds","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qinling-mountains","display_name":"Qinling Mountains","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris-flow-early-warning","display_name":"debris flow early warning","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris-flow-risk-assessment","display_name":"debris flow risk assessment","score":0.6320000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776643431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1817963","display_name":"Debris flow","level":3,"score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637703","display_name":"Debris","level":2,"score":0.7778000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778320725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68530","display_name":"Flume","level":3,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185515318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22723","display_name":"Loess","level":2,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206355099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3614972","display_name":"Hazard analysis","level":2,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.46779999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186295008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903","display_name":"Landslide","level":2,"score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23389524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5957907","display_name":"Hyperconcentrated flow","level":5,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112959462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434465","display_name":"Fluvial","level":3,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988574769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2259545","display_name":"Water flow","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e0a56c71cc96422e9cc5f7b3ce7444df","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e0a56c71cc96422e9cc5f7b3ce7444df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol 14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1766289/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7155192601.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7155192601.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567294513","https://openalex.org/W1564161272","https://openalex.org/W1656904613","https://openalex.org/W1963940439","https://openalex.org/W1973895578","https://openalex.org/W1981885076","https://openalex.org/W1982962313","https://openalex.org/W1985308235","https://openalex.org/W1985769645","https://openalex.org/W1987986134","https://openalex.org/W1989231148","https://openalex.org/W2001887777","https://openalex.org/W2021203285","https://openalex.org/W2021675301","https://openalex.org/W2023467312","https://openalex.org/W2039841548","https://openalex.org/W2044622173","https://openalex.org/W2046392635","https://openalex.org/W2049877074","https://openalex.org/W2089314377","https://openalex.org/W2097033979","https://openalex.org/W2099742729","https://openalex.org/W2121764559","https://openalex.org/W2124955104","https://openalex.org/W2141568312","https://openalex.org/W2155089900","https://openalex.org/W2314389726","https://openalex.org/W2342197815","https://openalex.org/W2528761663","https://openalex.org/W2591176543","https://openalex.org/W2900013348","https://openalex.org/W2981386717","https://openalex.org/W2998259610","https://openalex.org/W3013601603","https://openalex.org/W3018506897","https://openalex.org/W3034771412","https://openalex.org/W3043446776","https://openalex.org/W3080252285","https://openalex.org/W3082571895","https://openalex.org/W3083909536","https://openalex.org/W3091980162","https://openalex.org/W3186411595","https://openalex.org/W3199300922","https://openalex.org/W3202098547","https://openalex.org/W4200321008","https://openalex.org/W4221086826","https://openalex.org/W4236752933","https://openalex.org/W4280642007","https://openalex.org/W4362733405","https://openalex.org/W4384471546","https://openalex.org/W4390100291","https://openalex.org/W4395045561","https://openalex.org/W4406036921","https://openalex.org/W4416005617","https://openalex.org/W4417180437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414962187","https://openalex.org/W2997406405","https://openalex.org/W2990417517","https://openalex.org/W1986016517","https://openalex.org/W2067064031","https://openalex.org/W2626329489","https://openalex.org/W2375959066","https://openalex.org/W2808177797","https://openalex.org/W2347358426","https://openalex.org/W4415648279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Debris":[0],"flow":[1,51,154,164,257],"is":[2,95,147,175,182,191,207,223],"a":[3,246],"typical":[4,80,212],"geological":[5],"hazard":[6],"in":[7,72,78,166,199,215,241],"the":[8,12,16,34,49,67,73,134,140,159,169,177,186,219,228,260,264],"mountainous":[9],"areas":[10],"of":[11,15,37,69,100,255,263],"northern":[13,261],"slope":[14,43,128,135,262],"Qinling":[17,265],"Mountains,":[18],"and":[19,23,45,57,87,107,123,130,139,185,236,252],"its":[20],"initiation":[21,52,68,94,116,165,232],"mechanism":[22],"critical":[24,160,204,220,238],"conditions":[25,99,161],"have":[26],"distinct":[27],"regional":[28],"characteristics.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31,74,157,243],"comprehensively":[32],"analyzed":[33],"controlling":[35],"effects":[36],"factors":[38],"such":[39],"as":[40],"rainfall":[41,101,131,141,181,222],"intensity,":[42],"angle,":[44],"dry":[46,109,121],"density":[47,110,122],"on":[48,227,259],"debris":[50,70,153,163,213,256],"process":[53],"through":[54],"field":[55],"investigations":[56],"systematic":[58],"indoor":[59],"flume":[60],"model":[61],"tests.":[62],"The":[63,115,156,231],"results":[64],"show":[65],"that":[66,202,210,226],"flows":[71,214],"area":[75],"primarily":[76],"manifests":[77],"three":[79],"patterns:":[81],"steady-state":[82],"liquefaction":[83],"initiation,":[84,86],"landslide-transformation":[85,93],"retrogressive":[88],"erosion":[89],"initiation.":[90],"Among":[91],"these,":[92],"most":[96],"common":[97],"under":[98],"intensity":[102,142],"greater":[103],"than":[104,209,225],"60":[105],"mm/h":[106],"lower":[108,224],"(1.20\u20131.30":[111],"g/cm":[112],"3":[113],").":[114],"time":[117,190],"increases":[118],"with":[119,126,196],"increasing":[120,127],"decreases":[124],"significantly":[125],"angle":[129,136],"intensity.":[132],"When":[133],"exceeds":[137],"40\u00b0":[138],"reaches":[143],"90":[144],"mm/h,":[145],"it":[146],"more":[148],"likely":[149],"to":[150],"trigger":[151],"large-scale":[152],"disasters.":[155],"determined":[158],"for":[162,171,179,188,211,249],"this":[167,203,242],"region:":[168],"threshold":[170,178,187],"mass":[172],"water":[173,205],"content":[174,206],"22.73%\u201331.21%,":[176],"cumulative":[180,221],"54.75\u2013118.05":[183],"mm,":[184],"starting":[189],"48.9\u2013131.7":[192],"min.":[193],"Comparative":[194],"analysis":[195],"other":[197],"regions":[198],"China":[200],"reveals":[201],"higher":[208],"southwestern":[216],"China,":[217],"while":[218],"Loess":[229],"Plateau.":[230],"pattern":[233],"identification":[234],"methods":[235],"quantitative":[237],"indicators":[239],"established":[240],"can":[244],"provide":[245],"scientific":[247],"basis":[248],"risk":[250],"assessment":[251],"early":[253],"warning":[254],"disasters":[258],"Mountains.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-04-23T00:00:00"}
