{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155014604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504","title":"A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Infrastructure-Driven Verification of Traffic Sign Visibility in Autonomous Vehicle Environments","display_name":"A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Infrastructure-Driven Verification of Traffic Sign Visibility in Autonomous Vehicle Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155014604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917016","display_name":"IEEE SoutheastCon","issn_l":"1091-0050","issn":["1091-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SoutheastCon 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157179640","display_name":"James Holland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Holland","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida,Tampa,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida,Tampa,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120536717","display_name":"Trung Dong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida,Tampa,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida,Tampa,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017013352","display_name":"Arman Sargolzaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-1870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-1870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arman Sargolzaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida,Tampa,FL,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida,Tampa,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22346286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.27469998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicles","display_name":"autonomous vehicles","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-visibility","display_name":"traffic sign visibility","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-classification","display_name":"traffic sign classification","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrastructure-readiness","display_name":"infrastructure readiness","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-perturbations","display_name":"adversarial perturbations","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion","display_name":"occlusion","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-lighting","display_name":"environmental lighting","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception-robustness","display_name":"perception robustness","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-maps","display_name":"heatmaps","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrastructure-maintenance","display_name":"infrastructure maintenance","score":0.47999998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84119951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3498530","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon63549.2026.11476504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917016","display_name":"IEEE SoutheastCon","issn_l":"1091-0050","issn":["1091-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SoutheastCon 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7723929826","display_name":"CAREER: Systematic Approach for Extensively (SAfEly) Testing and Verifying the Security of Connected and Autonomous Vehicle","funder_award_id":"2241718","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2174534399","https://openalex.org/W2792806930","https://openalex.org/W3184775221","https://openalex.org/W4297474215","https://openalex.org/W4308119828","https://openalex.org/W4392758782","https://openalex.org/W4401014098","https://openalex.org/W4407098284","https://openalex.org/W4409796133"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7010276451","https://openalex.org/W7134235948","https://openalex.org/W4385257689","https://openalex.org/W4411215264","https://openalex.org/W7110301434","https://openalex.org/W2625849391","https://openalex.org/W4386211095","https://openalex.org/W6910628550","https://openalex.org/W4382935979","https://openalex.org/W4416252246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicle":[1],"(AV)":[2],"deployment":[3],"depends":[4],"critically":[5],"on":[6],"infrastructure":[7,63,82],"readiness,":[8],"particularly":[9],"traffic":[10,44],"sign":[11,45,71],"visibility.":[12],"While":[13],"machine":[14],"learning-based":[15],"vision":[16],"systems":[17],"have":[18],"advanced":[19],"significantly,":[20],"they":[21],"remain":[22],"sensitive":[23],"to":[24,75],"occlusions,":[25],"environmental":[26],"lighting,":[27],"and":[28,41,86],"physical":[29],"degradation.":[30],"This":[31],"study":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34],"reinforcement":[35],"learning":[36],"framework":[37,49],"for":[38,81],"systematic":[39],"testing":[40],"verification":[42],"of":[43],"classification":[46],"reliability.":[47],"The":[48],"identifies":[50],"worst-case":[51],"perception":[52],"scenarios":[53],"by":[54],"strategically":[55],"applying":[56],"constrained":[57],"adversarial":[58],"perturbations":[59],"that":[60],"simulate":[61],"realistic":[62],"conditions.":[64],"Results":[65],"generate":[66],"visual":[67],"heat":[68],"maps":[69],"highlighting":[70],"regions":[72],"most":[73],"susceptible":[74],"detection":[76],"failures,":[77],"providing":[78],"actionable":[79],"insights":[80],"design,":[83],"maintenance":[84],"prioritization,":[85],"AV-readiness":[87],"assessment.":[88]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}