{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155010063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232","title":"Theoretical analysis and computational simulation of self-forming micro-lens arrays on silicon photomultipliers","display_name":"Theoretical analysis and computational simulation of self-forming micro-lens arrays on silicon photomultipliers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155010063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221144","display_name":"Engineering Research Express","issn_l":"2631-8695","issn":["2631-8695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Research Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124816526","display_name":"Chaoqian Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9110-4089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9110-4089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo Chaoqian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9110-4089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384677","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0481-5341","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0481-5341","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-2615"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134025162","display_name":"Liu Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134041101","display_name":"Wu Yun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263048","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Control Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/01qx47e88","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301","https://openalex.org/I4405263048"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing 100190, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing 100190, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263048"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369311","display_name":"Yanfei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0406-7416","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0406-7416"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yanfei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076154795","display_name":"Xiangtong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9313-8794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9313-8794"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang Xiangtong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134022289","display_name":"Zhang Haotong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang Haotong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134010623","display_name":"Wang Lei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134010349","display_name":"Liu Lina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu Lina","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068166160","display_name":"Lianbi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-1834","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-1834"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Lianbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116013918","display_name":"HAN Xiaoxiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Xiaoxiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134026147","display_name":"Li Zebin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zebin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419053","display_name":"Guoqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-7008","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-7008"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27599042","display_name":"Xi'an Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/03442p831","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang Guoqing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-7008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27599042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Nuclear Protection Textile Equipment Technology, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ray Flexible Protection Technology Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi 710048, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"9","first_page":"095310","last_page":"095310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.39399999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.39399999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.14659999310970306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13418","display_name":"Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates","score":0.09629999846220016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photomultipliers","display_name":"silicon photomultipliers","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microlens-array","display_name":"microlens array","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-detection-efficiency","display_name":"photon detection efficiency","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-zone","display_name":"dead zone","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-crosstalk","display_name":"optical crosstalk","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-tension","display_name":"surface tension","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-mesh","display_name":"metal mesh","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-light-detection","display_name":"low-light detection","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoresponsivity","display_name":"photoresponsivity","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collimated-light","display_name":"collimated light","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uv-curing","display_name":"UV curing","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-curing","display_name":"thermal curing","score":0.7570000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104335537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1085747","display_name":"Silicon photomultiplier","level":4,"score":0.8632000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36456112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288064","display_name":"Cladding (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182610534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633620","display_name":"Ray","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113879476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61897384","display_name":"Photomultiplier","level":3,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780056265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106239881","display_name":"High dynamic range","level":3,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778530986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457948","display_name":"Flatness (cosmology)","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34445779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571347","display_name":"Collimated light","level":3,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169822122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230187","display_name":"Crosstalk","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205507967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900625","display_name":"Quantum efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20254490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719550","display_name":"Biasing","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165699331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461533","display_name":"Wavefront","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96566525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805282","display_name":"Time delay and integration","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108225325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11456","display_name":"Semiconductor","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204223013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133036","display_name":"Lithography","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ae6232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221144","display_name":"Engineering Research Express","issn_l":"2631-8695","issn":["2631-8695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Research Express","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8384584056","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JC-YBMS-023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981124841","https://openalex.org/W3150864959","https://openalex.org/W3210213884","https://openalex.org/W4306406662","https://openalex.org/W4306674268","https://openalex.org/W4320509390","https://openalex.org/W4367179590","https://openalex.org/W4379388044","https://openalex.org/W4384340198","https://openalex.org/W4387436074","https://openalex.org/W4387675564","https://openalex.org/W4389438944","https://openalex.org/W4391247401","https://openalex.org/W4393146655","https://openalex.org/W4396888006","https://openalex.org/W4400236256","https://openalex.org/W4403244465","https://openalex.org/W4403454784","https://openalex.org/W4405183535","https://openalex.org/W4416775646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7083178978","https://openalex.org/W2968766880","https://openalex.org/W7127174901","https://openalex.org/W4404450752","https://openalex.org/W7160850912","https://openalex.org/W4221079218","https://openalex.org/W2540253750","https://openalex.org/W4405075175","https://openalex.org/W1554528500","https://openalex.org/W3165256425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Silicon":[1],"photomultipliers":[2],"(SiPMs)":[3],"have":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,291,293],"pivotal":[7],"devices":[8],"in":[9,109,165,196,285],"low-level":[10],"light":[11],"detection":[12,17,289],"applications;":[13],"however,":[14],"the":[15,52,82,100,169,187,197,204],"photon":[16],"efficiency":[18],"(PDE)":[19],"of":[20,85,93,102,121,133,172,190,201,207],"SiPMs":[21,176,281],"incorporating":[22],"small":[23],"Geiger":[24],"avalanche":[25],"photodiode":[26],"(G-APD)":[27],"cells":[28],"remains":[29],"constrained":[30],"by":[31],"inherent":[32],"structural":[33],"limitations.":[34],"The":[35,247,273],"mandatory":[36],"spacing":[37],"between":[38],"G-APD":[39,173,185],"cells\u2014essential":[40],"for":[41,71,124,136,266,278,298],"electrical":[42],"isolation":[43],"and":[44,74,90,139,181,231,263],"optical":[45],"crosstalk":[46],"suppression\u2014creates":[47],"\u2018dead":[48],"zones\u2019":[49],"that":[50,151,160],"restrict":[51],"geometric":[53],"fill":[54],"factor":[55],"(GFF),":[56],"thereby":[57],"impeding":[58],"PDE":[59,299],"enhancement.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"this":[63,65,191],"challenge,":[64],"study":[66],"proposes":[67],"a":[68,118,130,261,294],"novel":[69],"approach":[70],"fabricating":[72],"self-forming":[73],"self-aligning":[75],"micro-lens":[76,248],"arrays":[77,249],"on":[78],"SiPM":[79,270],"surfaces,":[80],"leveraging":[81],"synergistic":[83],"effects":[84],"surface":[86],"tension,":[87],"gravitational":[88],"force,":[89],"air":[91],"pressure":[92],"liquid":[94],"packaging":[95],"media.":[96],"Theoretical":[97],"modeling":[98],"confirms":[99],"feasibility":[101],"forming":[103],"convex":[104],"micro-lenses":[105],"within":[106],"metal":[107,228,243],"meshes":[108],"dead":[110],"zones,":[111],"while":[112],"computational":[113],"simulations":[114],"(Zemax":[115],"simulation":[116,128],"employs":[117],"single":[119],"wavelength":[120,131],"450":[122],"nm":[123,135],"GFF":[125,209],"measurement,":[126],"Comsol":[127],"covers":[129],"range":[132,200],"200\u20131100":[134],"photoresponsivity":[137],"analysis,":[138],"incident":[140,156,303],"conditions":[141],"are":[142],"25":[143,182],"\u00b0C":[144],"room":[145],"temperature":[146],"with":[147,177,203,268,282],"wide-angle":[148],"incidence)":[149],"demonstrate":[150],"these":[152],"lenses":[153],"effectively":[154],"focus":[155],"light,":[157],"redirecting":[158],"photons":[159],"would":[161],"otherwise":[162],"be":[163,251],"lost":[164],"non-sensitive":[166],"areas":[167],"to":[168,216],"photosensitive":[170],"regions":[171],"cells.":[174],"For":[175],"10":[178],"\u03bc":[179,183,221,226,236,241],"m":[180,184,222,227,237,242],"cells,":[186],"effective":[188,208],"gain":[189],"mechanism":[192],"is":[193],"mainly":[194],"concentrated":[195],"small-angle":[198,286],"incidence":[199],"0\u00b0\u201315\u00b0,":[202],"optimal":[205],"enhancement":[206],"achieved":[210],"under":[211],"normal":[212],"incidence,":[213],"reaching":[214],"up":[215],"30.8":[217],"\u00b1":[218,233],"2.8":[219],"(10":[220],"cell":[223,238],"+":[224,239],"4":[225,240],"step":[229,244],"height)":[230],"14.6":[232],"2.0":[234],"(25":[235],"height),":[245],"respectively.":[246],"can":[250],"reliably":[252],"solidified":[253],"via":[254],"thermal":[255],"curing":[256],"or":[257],"UV":[258],"irradiation,":[259],"offering":[260],"scalable":[262],"cost-effective":[264],"strategy":[265],"integration":[267],"existing":[269],"manufacturing":[271],"processes.":[272],"findings":[274],"provide":[275],"important":[276],"references":[277],"designing":[279],"high-performance":[280],"surface-integrated":[283],"micro-optics":[284],"high-precision":[287],"low-light":[288],"scenarios,":[290],"well":[292],"feasible":[295],"technical":[296],"path":[297],"optimization":[300],"targeting":[301],"collimated/quasi-collimated":[302],"light.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}