{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154682002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","title":"Inactivation Strategies of Clostridium perfringens in Foods: Current Challenges and Emerging Interventions","display_name":"Inactivation Strategies of Clostridium perfringens in Foods: Current Challenges and Emerging Interventions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154682002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/fft2.70286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228674","display_name":"Food Frontiers","issn_l":"2643-8429","issn":["2643-8429"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Frontiers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002225904","display_name":"Deepak Subedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-7094","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-7094"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Subedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Poultry Research Foundation The University of Sydney  Camden Australia","School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science The University of Sydney  Camden Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Poultry Research Foundation The University of Sydney  Camden Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science The University of Sydney  Camden Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119233074","display_name":"Bharath Mallavarapu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4934-9603","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4934-9603"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharath Mallavarapu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Poultry Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Poultry Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133898169","display_name":"Pranita Patil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7649-301X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7649-301X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranita Patil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Poultry Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Poultry Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066290152","display_name":"Sujitha Bhumanapalli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujitha Bhumanapalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Poultry Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Poultry Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017772981","display_name":"Sandesh Chapagain","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22407884","display_name":"University of Maryland Eastern Shore","ror":"https://ror.org/006cymg18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22407884"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandesh Chapagain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences University of Maryland Eastern  Shore Maryland USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences University of Maryland Eastern  Shore Maryland USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22407884"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112957510","display_name":"Kham Bahadur Khatri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kham Bahadur Khatri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Sciences University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Sciences University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027099955","display_name":"Milan Kandel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-3405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-3405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milan Kandel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Poultry Research Foundation The University of Sydney  Camden Australia","School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science The University of Sydney  Camden Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Poultry Research Foundation The University of Sydney  Camden Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science The University of Sydney  Camden Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042379548","display_name":"Amit Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1484-9713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1484-9713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126548940","display_name":"Delaware State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03g35dg18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126548940"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Delaware State University  Dover Delaware USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Delaware State University  Dover Delaware USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126548940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002225904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"apc_paid":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2204142,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":0.06129999831318855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10900","display_name":"Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridium-perfringens","display_name":"Clostridium perfringens","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spore-inactivation","display_name":"spore inactivation","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foodborne-illness","display_name":"food poisoning","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spore-resistance","display_name":"spore resistance","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-treatment-food-and-biological-processing","display_name":"heat treatment (food and biological processing)","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-inactivation","display_name":"chemical inactivation","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meat-products","display_name":"meat products","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterotoxin","display_name":"enterotoxin","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety","display_name":"food safety","score":0.6959999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.48969998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776460866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170065","display_name":"Pathogen","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174618031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177332","display_name":"Spore","level":2,"score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88199923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627371","display_name":"Food processing","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170389","display_name":"Persistence (discontinuity)","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987315675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773974","display_name":"Disease control","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58684123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810993","display_name":"Food microbiology","level":3,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516717267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909821","display_name":"Food safety","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987718291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2095","display_name":"Food products","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513059894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q540912","display_name":"Food industry","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/fft2.70286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228674","display_name":"Food Frontiers","issn_l":"2643-8429","issn":["2643-8429"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Frontiers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:943e22ea9e3f42d5ab23e724b4784373","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/943e22ea9e3f42d5ab23e724b4784373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Food Frontiers, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp n/a-n/a (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/fft2.70286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228674","display_name":"Food Frontiers","issn_l":"2643-8429","issn":["2643-8429"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Frontiers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.5666999816894531}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565552396","https://openalex.org/W1592764992","https://openalex.org/W1965049901","https://openalex.org/W1972764676","https://openalex.org/W1983588664","https://openalex.org/W1985682206","https://openalex.org/W1989798943","https://openalex.org/W2008700101","https://openalex.org/W2012875803","https://openalex.org/W2029197819","https://openalex.org/W2042995437","https://openalex.org/W2043633858","https://openalex.org/W2045852489","https://openalex.org/W2046073817","https://openalex.org/W2051008371","https://openalex.org/W2059358012","https://openalex.org/W2061015562","https://openalex.org/W2066528682","https://openalex.org/W2067334060","https://openalex.org/W2069201333","https://openalex.org/W2070619168","https://openalex.org/W2074836708","https://openalex.org/W2083708019","https://openalex.org/W2090658990","https://openalex.org/W2099792326","https://openalex.org/W2103176898","https://openalex.org/W2107512674","https://openalex.org/W2112025890","https://openalex.org/W2126628299","https://openalex.org/W2139428028","https://openalex.org/W2139727795","https://openalex.org/W2152806549","https://openalex.org/W2153256543","https://openalex.org/W2153424338","https://openalex.org/W2155968548","https://openalex.org/W2158304436","https://openalex.org/W2158921004","https://openalex.org/W2167697675","https://openalex.org/W2203969896","https://openalex.org/W2210206128","https://openalex.org/W2310981067","https://openalex.org/W2409134284","https://openalex.org/W2460712940","https://openalex.org/W2477276984","https://openalex.org/W2557005646","https://openalex.org/W2587897382","https://openalex.org/W2593240978","https://openalex.org/W2618411155","https://openalex.org/W2783981376","https://openalex.org/W2789429025","https://openalex.org/W2797148322","https://openalex.org/W2801717197","https://openalex.org/W2912318981","https://openalex.org/W2917374600","https://openalex.org/W2951790730","https://openalex.org/W3001248991","https://openalex.org/W3003475247","https://openalex.org/W3003730559","https://openalex.org/W3013005642","https://openalex.org/W3046940452","https://openalex.org/W3047193484","https://openalex.org/W3088298483","https://openalex.org/W3093689256","https://openalex.org/W3094800910","https://openalex.org/W3113776286","https://openalex.org/W3118360524","https://openalex.org/W3138305080","https://openalex.org/W3144781504","https://openalex.org/W3154981103","https://openalex.org/W3156883062","https://openalex.org/W3201503033","https://openalex.org/W4210661771","https://openalex.org/W4224249134","https://openalex.org/W4232499961","https://openalex.org/W4234628804","https://openalex.org/W4252162487","https://openalex.org/W4281649391","https://openalex.org/W4309848868","https://openalex.org/W4312201471","https://openalex.org/W4313367051","https://openalex.org/W4318992065","https://openalex.org/W4321014952","https://openalex.org/W4321792923","https://openalex.org/W4362699755","https://openalex.org/W4390102130","https://openalex.org/W4390517526","https://openalex.org/W4394694564","https://openalex.org/W4399661737","https://openalex.org/W4400007612","https://openalex.org/W4404555319","https://openalex.org/W4409885229","https://openalex.org/W4414091490","https://openalex.org/W4415223686","https://openalex.org/W4415720755"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Clostridium":[1],"perfringens":[2,47,152],"is":[3,70],"a":[4,10,136],"Gram\u2010positive,":[5],"anaerobic,":[6],"spore\u2010forming":[7],"bacterium":[8],"and":[9,28,36,84,97,107,121,146,155,162],"major":[11],"cause":[12,21],"of":[13,45,67],"foodborne":[14,49],"illness":[15,50],"worldwide.":[16],"It":[17],"produces":[18],"enterotoxins":[19],"that":[20,40,81],"gastrointestinal":[22],"symptoms":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"diarrhea,":[26],"vomiting,":[27],"abdominal":[29],"cramps.":[30],"The":[31,65],"Centers":[32],"for":[33,92,150],"Disease":[34],"Control":[35],"Prevention":[37],"(CDC)":[38],"estimates":[39],"approximately":[41],"one":[42],"million":[43],"cases":[44,61],"C.":[46,151],"\u2010related":[48],"occur":[51],"annually":[52],"in":[53,109,153],"the":[54],"United":[55],"States,":[56],"although":[57],"fewer":[58],"than":[59],"1200":[60],"are":[62,129],"officially":[63],"reported.":[64],"persistence":[66],"this":[68],"pathogen":[69,119],"largely":[71],"attributed":[72],"to":[73,76,103],"its":[74],"ability":[75],"form":[77],"highly":[78],"resistant":[79],"spores":[80,108],"withstand":[82],"heat":[83],"other":[85],"environmental":[86],"stresses,":[87],"thereby":[88],"posing":[89],"significant":[90],"challenges":[91,164],"food":[93,110,117,154],"safety.":[94],"Various":[95],"physical":[96,145],"chemical":[98,147],"interventions":[99],"have":[100],"been":[101],"developed":[102],"inactivate":[104],"vegetative":[105,127],"cells":[106,128],"systems.":[111],"However,":[112],"their":[113,159,167],"efficacy":[114],"depends":[115],"on":[116,144],"composition,":[118],"load,":[120],"processing":[122],"conditions.":[123],"While":[124],"strategies":[125],"targeting":[126],"generally":[130],"effective,":[131],"overcoming":[132],"spore":[133],"resistance":[134],"remains":[135],"critical":[137],"challenge.":[138],"This":[139],"review":[140],"synthesizes":[141],"current":[142],"knowledge":[143],"inactivation":[148],"methods":[149],"meat":[156],"products,":[157],"highlighting":[158],"mechanisms,":[160],"limitations,":[161],"practical":[163],"associated":[165],"with":[166],"implementation.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-04-18T00:00:00"}
