{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154617841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20240236","title":"Measuring In Situ Unit Weight and Moisture Content Using a Drive Cylinder, a Nuclear Density Gauge, and a Hybrid Nuclear-Electric Density Gauge","display_name":"Measuring In Situ Unit Weight and Moisture Content Using a Drive Cylinder, a Nuclear Density Gauge, and a Hybrid Nuclear-Electric Density Gauge","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154617841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20240236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1520/gtj20240236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20240236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20240236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186224356","display_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","issn_l":"0149-6115","issn":["0149-6115","1945-7545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007299956","display_name":"Christopher L. Meehan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9721-6275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9721-6275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher L. Meehan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delaware, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering 1 , 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9721-6275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering 1 , 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102825784","display_name":"William J. Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2243-8826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2243-8826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322910049","display_name":"Federal Highway Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/0473rr271","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282462722","https://openalex.org/I1322910049"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136156","display_name":"Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04edx5729","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282462722","https://openalex.org/I1322910049","https://openalex.org/I4210136156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William J. Baker III","raw_affiliation_strings":["Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, Federal Highway Administration 2 , 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, VA, 22101"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2243-8826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, Federal Highway Administration 2 , 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean, VA, 22101","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322910049","https://openalex.org/I4210136156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5277,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88414991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.5454000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.5454000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.22579999268054962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.14139999449253082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-compaction","display_name":"soil compaction","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-density-gauge","display_name":"nuclear density gauge","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture","display_name":"soil moisture","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compaction-quality-control","display_name":"compaction quality control","score":0.7319999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.8396000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.8113999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84655787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8067817","display_name":"Compressibility","level":2,"score":0.5026000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93973069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899249","display_name":"Bulk density","level":3,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70957220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618290","display_name":"Soil compaction","level":3,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29689760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111713","display_name":"Proctor compaction test","level":3,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777962739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115507","display_name":"Radioactive source","level":3,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120961793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052","display_name":"Rain gauge","level":3,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82455628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11027905","display_name":"Relative density","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60584519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610723","display_name":"Strain gauge","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216681","display_name":"In situ","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62646347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041172","display_name":"Measuring instrument","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1520/gtj20240236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20240236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj20240236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186224356","display_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","issn_l":"0149-6115","issn":["0149-6115","1945-7545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3472525408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DelDOT Project Number T201966002, Task 1891-28","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315291","funder_display_name":"Delaware Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5711157321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract Number 693JJ323D000004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332393","funder_display_name":"Federal Highway Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315291","display_name":"Delaware Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/0047q6a49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332393","display_name":"Federal Highway Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/0473rr271"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568874911","https://openalex.org/W1496938099","https://openalex.org/W1504113758","https://openalex.org/W1965347188","https://openalex.org/W1969763376","https://openalex.org/W1979992282","https://openalex.org/W1982459711","https://openalex.org/W1990840905","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W2000493310","https://openalex.org/W2070098972","https://openalex.org/W2079129585","https://openalex.org/W2145932603","https://openalex.org/W2155923880","https://openalex.org/W2170389999","https://openalex.org/W2757743007","https://openalex.org/W2922640511","https://openalex.org/W2967791314","https://openalex.org/W3171974689","https://openalex.org/W4207023367","https://openalex.org/W4212860962","https://openalex.org/W4230395741","https://openalex.org/W4238481348","https://openalex.org/W4239824756","https://openalex.org/W4241910334","https://openalex.org/W4242253323","https://openalex.org/W4243053792","https://openalex.org/W4244875181","https://openalex.org/W4247759361","https://openalex.org/W4250460213","https://openalex.org/W4250851718","https://openalex.org/W4252523403","https://openalex.org/W4254781723","https://openalex.org/W4285026980","https://openalex.org/W4392474679","https://openalex.org/W4417210595"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Soil":[1],"compaction":[2,34,116,208,253,285],"is":[3],"a":[4,40,61,98,127,142,204,240,261],"critical":[5],"aspect":[6],"of":[7,19,32,39,51,113,121,159,206,218,222,251,273,295],"the":[8,14,22,37,47,53,73,86,104,124,134,153,164,179,182,198,201,216,234,243,265,274,289,293],"construction":[9],"process":[10],"that":[11,72,161,195],"effectively":[12],"enhances":[13],"strength":[15,129],"and":[16,65,80,139,181,200,227,248],"compressibility":[17],"behavior":[18],"soils.":[20],"Within":[21],"United":[23,87],"States,":[24],"traditional":[25],"\u201cspot-testing\u201d":[26,112],"quality":[27],"assurance/quality":[28],"control":[29,254,286],"(QA/QC)":[30],"monitoring":[31],"soil":[33,207,212],"commonly":[35],"involves":[36],"use":[38],"nuclear":[41],"density":[42,267],"gauge":[43,54,74,102],"(NDG).":[44],"However,":[45],"despite":[46],"NDG\u2019s":[48],"relative":[49,244],"ease":[50],"operation,":[52,123],"uses":[55,126],"two":[56,266],"radioactive":[57,130],"sources":[58],"to":[59,95,132,146,187,215,291],"infer":[60,133,147],"geomaterial\u2019s":[62],"unit":[63,137,225],"weight":[64,226],"moisture":[66,144,148,228],"content":[67,149,229],"in":[68,110,150,223,260,283],"situ,":[69],"which":[70,237],"necessitates":[71],"complies":[75],"with":[76,169,280],"various":[77],"storage,":[78],"transportation,":[79],"operation":[81],"requirements":[82],"laid":[83],"out":[84],"by":[85],"States":[88],"Nuclear":[89],"Regulatory":[90],"Commission":[91],"(NRC).":[92],"In":[93],"response":[94],"these":[96,188],"requirements,":[97],"new":[99,276],"hybrid":[100],"nuclear-electric":[101],"(termed":[103],"\u201cEGauge\u201d)":[105],"has":[106],"been":[107,176],"developed":[108],"for":[109,115,239,270],"situ":[111,224,284],"soils":[114],"QA/QC":[117],"applications.":[118],"As":[119],"part":[120],"its":[122],"EGauge":[125,154,183,202,277],"lower":[128,157],"source":[131],"soil\u2019s":[135],"moist":[136],"weight,":[138],"it":[140],"incorporates":[141],"dielectric":[143],"probe":[145],"situ.":[151],"Consequently,":[152],"emits":[155],"significantly":[156],"levels":[158,166],"radiation":[160],"are":[162,258],"below":[163],"threshold":[165],"requiring":[167],"compliance":[168],"NRC":[170],"regulations.":[171],"Currently,":[172],"few":[173],"studies":[174],"have":[175],"conducted":[177],"comparing":[178],"NDG":[180,199],"side-by-side.":[184],"To":[185],"contribute":[186],"efforts,":[189],"an":[190],"experimental":[191],"investigation":[192],"was":[193],"undertaken":[194],"tested":[196],"both":[197],"under":[203],"variety":[205],"conditions":[209],"using":[210,233],"five":[211],"types":[213],"native":[214],"state":[217],"Delaware.":[219],"Direct":[220],"measurements":[221,250],"were":[230],"also":[231],"obtained":[232],"drive":[235],"cylinder,":[236],"allowed":[238],"comparison":[241],"between":[242,246,264],"differences":[245],"direct":[247,271],"indirect":[249],"field":[252],"parameters.":[255],"The":[256],"results":[257],"presented":[259],"side-by-side":[262],"fashion":[263],"gauges,":[268],"allowing":[269],"assessment":[272],"relatively":[275],"as":[278],"compared":[279],"more":[281],"established":[282],"tests,":[287],"enabling":[288],"reader":[290],"assess":[292],"reliability":[294],"this":[296],"emerging":[297],"device.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2026-04-17T00:00:00"}