{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154454635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","title":"80 years of research on tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Makran subduction zone (1945\u20132025): a review- part B: tsunamis in the MSZ","display_name":"80 years of research on tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Makran subduction zone (1945\u20132025): a review- part B: tsunamis in the MSZ","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154454635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102973894","display_name":"Mouloud Hamidatou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2393-635X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2393-635X","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-2086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260742","display_name":"National Center for Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/046wpj017","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mouloud Hamidatou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115017532","display_name":"Abdulla Almandous","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335690228","display_name":"World Meteorological Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/011pjwf87","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335690228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260742","display_name":"National Center for Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/046wpj017","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}],"countries":["CH","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulla Almandous","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center of Meteorology","World Meteorological Organization (WMO)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center of Meteorology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Meteorological Organization (WMO)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335690228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115017533","display_name":"Khalifa Alebri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260742","display_name":"National Center for Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/046wpj017","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalifa Alebri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115017534","display_name":"Badr Alameri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260742","display_name":"National Center for Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/046wpj017","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Badr Alameri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017979971","display_name":"Ali Megahed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260742","display_name":"National Center for Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/046wpj017","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Megahed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsunami Early Warning Section, Seismology Department, National Center of Meteorology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260742"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":11.9024,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98986937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14146","display_name":"Earthquake and Tsunami Effects","score":0.3991999924182892,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13800","display_name":"Earthquake and Disaster Impact Studies","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/makran-subduction-zone","display_name":"Makran subduction zone","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsunamigenic-earthquakes","display_name":"tsunamigenic earthquakes","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-tsunamis","display_name":"historical tsunamis","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsunami-hazard-assessment","display_name":"tsunami hazard assessment","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsunami-risk-assessment","display_name":"tsunami risk assessment","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coastal-vulnerability","display_name":"coastal vulnerability","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-risk-reduction","display_name":"disaster risk reduction","score":0.8289999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58097730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318","display_name":"Subduction","level":3,"score":0.8174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.7660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.651199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119477230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7950","display_name":"Plate tectonics","level":3,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193539361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1887426","display_name":"Geologic record","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144131665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850171","display_name":"Tsunami earthquake","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21089234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6592057","display_name":"Seismotectonics","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992790187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145106","display_name":"Historical record","level":3,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780750338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281359","display_name":"Disaster risk reduction","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206355099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3614972","display_name":"Hazard analysis","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146929289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940034","display_name":"Volcanic hazards","level":3,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993585398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8070","display_name":"Tsunami wave","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83176761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394636","display_name":"Induced seismicity","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02a0e0e3889e415bb0a00d84c45445af","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02a0e0e3889e415bb0a00d84c45445af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol 14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1798537/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5511066317558289}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154454635.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154454635.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77600084","https://openalex.org/W983539359","https://openalex.org/W1169894850","https://openalex.org/W1798136901","https://openalex.org/W1964101701","https://openalex.org/W1968357747","https://openalex.org/W1972715995","https://openalex.org/W1972917854","https://openalex.org/W1976852551","https://openalex.org/W1978638118","https://openalex.org/W1982224586","https://openalex.org/W1984724793","https://openalex.org/W2003897865","https://openalex.org/W2007765260","https://openalex.org/W2009450142","https://openalex.org/W2014810386","https://openalex.org/W2019139194","https://openalex.org/W2023317688","https://openalex.org/W2029476867","https://openalex.org/W2031450318","https://openalex.org/W2031887111","https://openalex.org/W2037167613","https://openalex.org/W2039113538","https://openalex.org/W2040423036","https://openalex.org/W2042336660","https://openalex.org/W2052733862","https://openalex.org/W2055702267","https://openalex.org/W2063467636","https://openalex.org/W2066479766","https://openalex.org/W2072854578","https://openalex.org/W2073941719","https://openalex.org/W2074580567","https://openalex.org/W2080856480","https://openalex.org/W2086826127","https://openalex.org/W2093443145","https://openalex.org/W2097917663","https://openalex.org/W2108819938","https://openalex.org/W2111002935","https://openalex.org/W2136670784","https://openalex.org/W2143576713","https://openalex.org/W2150244383","https://openalex.org/W2152210470","https://openalex.org/W2161593685","https://openalex.org/W2162078506","https://openalex.org/W2162994978","https://openalex.org/W2274608129","https://openalex.org/W2279792258","https://openalex.org/W2289326865","https://openalex.org/W2300539737","https://openalex.org/W2316048351","https://openalex.org/W2317440971","https://openalex.org/W2322426009","https://openalex.org/W2327872166","https://openalex.org/W2330174162","https://openalex.org/W2339633605","https://openalex.org/W2390493901","https://openalex.org/W2399096548","https://openalex.org/W2413595502","https://openalex.org/W2468231693","https://openalex.org/W2509115038","https://openalex.org/W2567561957","https://openalex.org/W2570535089","https://openalex.org/W2791037149","https://openalex.org/W2793021073","https://openalex.org/W2893622211","https://openalex.org/W2899809132","https://openalex.org/W2921680447","https://openalex.org/W2989346444","https://openalex.org/W3000059285","https://openalex.org/W3039417887","https://openalex.org/W3083078504","https://openalex.org/W3087366190","https://openalex.org/W3101123119","https://openalex.org/W3104302201","https://openalex.org/W3127232763","https://openalex.org/W3133822976","https://openalex.org/W3197392240","https://openalex.org/W4220999599","https://openalex.org/W4221022131","https://openalex.org/W4229733640","https://openalex.org/W4249348428","https://openalex.org/W4282569290","https://openalex.org/W4293561107","https://openalex.org/W4295064773","https://openalex.org/W4308147269","https://openalex.org/W4311702722","https://openalex.org/W4312285590","https://openalex.org/W4360821323","https://openalex.org/W4386189321","https://openalex.org/W4388972679","https://openalex.org/W4399916201","https://openalex.org/W7143619933"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,145],"Makran":[1,148],"Subduction":[2],"Zone":[3],"(MSZ)":[4],"is":[5,120,162],"a":[6,11,56,167,190,200],"tectonically":[7],"active":[8],"margin":[9],"with":[10,93],"documented":[12,115],"history":[13],"of":[14,59,114,151,193],"tsunamis":[15],"that":[16],"have":[17],"repeatedly":[18],"impacted":[19],"coastal":[20,136,175,223],"communities":[21],"along":[22],"the":[23,37,94,107,152,158,178,203],"northern":[24],"Arabian":[25],"Sea.":[26],"Despite":[27],"its":[28],"recognized":[29],"hazard":[30,77,205],"potential,":[31],"tsunami":[32,72,90,130,149,172,195,204],"occurrence":[33],"and":[34,47,70,78,100,112,116,126,138,174,182,207,225],"characteristics":[35],"in":[36,129,157,164,177,215,217],"MSZ":[38,63,194],"remain":[39],"poorly":[40],"constrained":[41],"due":[42],"to":[43,105],"sparse":[44],"instrumental":[45],"records":[46,102],"limited":[48],"historical":[49,69],"documentation.":[50],"This":[51],"three-part":[52],"review":[53,188],"series":[54],"provides":[55,189],"comprehensive":[57,191],"synthesis":[58],"existing":[60,185],"research":[61],"on":[62,122],"tsunamigenic":[64],"earthquakes,":[65],"covering":[66],"tectonic":[67],"setting,":[68],"geological":[71,98],"evidence,":[73,99,186],"as":[74,76,166],"well":[75],"risk":[79,140,209,228],"assessments.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82,187],"paper":[83],"(Part":[84],"B),":[85],"we":[86],"systematically":[87],"examine":[88],"past":[89],"events":[91,155],"associated":[92],"MSZ.":[95,179],"Historical":[96],"accounts,":[97],"paleotsunami":[101],"are":[103,142],"integrated":[104],"assess":[106],"frequency,":[108],"magnitude,":[109],"spatial":[110,127],"distribution,":[111],"impacts":[113],"inferred":[117],"events.":[118],"Emphasis":[119],"placed":[121],"identifying":[123],"recurrence":[124],"patterns":[125],"variability":[128],"impacts.":[131],"Their":[132],"implications":[133],"for":[134,170,202],"long-term":[135],"vulnerability":[137],"community":[139],"awareness":[141],"also":[143],"examined.":[144],"November":[146],"1945":[147],"one":[150],"most":[153],"destructive":[154],"recorded":[156],"northwestern":[159],"Indian":[160],"Ocean":[161],"analyzed":[163],"detail":[165,216],"benchmark":[168],"case":[169],"understanding":[171],"generation":[173],"impact":[176],"By":[180],"consolidating":[181],"critically":[183],"evaluating":[184],"reconstruction":[192],"history.":[196],"These":[197],"findings":[198],"establish":[199],"foundation":[201],"modelling":[206],"probabilistic":[208],"assessments,":[210],"which":[211],"will":[212],"be":[213],"discussed":[214],"Part":[218],"C,":[219],"ultimately":[220],"supporting":[221],"improved":[222],"resilience":[224],"science-based":[226],"disaster":[227],"reduction":[229],"strategies.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-04-16T00:00:00"}
