{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154368644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","title":"Diagnostic Challenges in Autoimmune Hepatitis","display_name":"Diagnostic Challenges in Autoimmune Hepatitis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154368644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","pdf_url":"https://saudijournals.com/media/articles/SJMPS_124_202-206c.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223883","display_name":"Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","issn_l":"2413-4910","issn":["2413-4910","2413-4929"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://saudijournals.com/media/articles/SJMPS_124_202-206c.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137937182","display_name":"I El Anouni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130352","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina","ror":"https://ror.org/038zpvz53","country_code":"MA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. El Anouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Resident, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resident, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126749986","display_name":"M. Cherkaoui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130352","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina","ror":"https://ror.org/038zpvz53","country_code":"MA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Cherkaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073251897","display_name":"Salma Mechhor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0881-5698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0881-5698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130352","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina","ror":"https://ror.org/038zpvz53","country_code":"MA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Mechhor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138307424","display_name":"O. Cherkaoui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130352","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina","ror":"https://ror.org/038zpvz53","country_code":"MA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Cherkaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052430960","display_name":"H. El Bacha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130352","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina","ror":"https://ror.org/038zpvz53","country_code":"MA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. El Bacha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aggregated Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","Resident, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aggregated Professor, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resident, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138005739","display_name":"F Mghyly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"FZ. Mghyly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046342272","display_name":"Nadia Benzzoubeir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130352","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina","ror":"https://ror.org/038zpvz53","country_code":"MA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Benzzoubeir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor of Higher Education , Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Higher Education , Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067037254","display_name":"I. Errabih","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130352","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina","ror":"https://ror.org/038zpvz53","country_code":"MA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Errabih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dubai , United Arab Emirates","Professor of Higher Education , Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dubai , United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Higher Education , Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Proctology , Medicine B , Ibn Sina University Hospital , Rabat , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1880835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"04","first_page":"202","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11834","display_name":"Liver Diseases and Immunity","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11834","display_name":"Liver Diseases and Immunity","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11576","display_name":"IgG4-Related and Inflammatory Diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11465","display_name":"Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmune-hepatitis","display_name":"autoimmune hepatitis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-challenges","display_name":"diagnostic challenges","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antinuclear-antibodies","display_name":"antinuclear antibodies","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-smooth-muscle-antibodies","display_name":"anti-smooth muscle antibodies","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-igg","display_name":"serum IgG","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cholestatic-jaundice","display_name":"cholestatic jaundice","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portal-hypertension","display_name":"portal hypertension","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathology","display_name":"histopathology","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overlap-syndrome","display_name":"overlap syndrome","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corticosteroids","display_name":"corticosteroids","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azathioprine","display_name":"azathioprine","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-diagnosis","display_name":"differential diagnosis","score":0.5519999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.958299994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777203481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786844","display_name":"Autoimmune hepatitis","level":3,"score":0.8755000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149443304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185390","display_name":"Anti-nuclear antibody","level":4,"score":0.697700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113759","display_name":"Overlap syndrome","level":3,"score":0.5408999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131742","display_name":"Hepatitis","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133244","display_name":"Jaundice","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360841","display_name":"Liver biopsy","level":3,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020491458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131742","display_name":"Chronic hepatitis","level":3,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45189115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502159","display_name":"Serology","level":3,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778808290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124604","display_name":"Portal hypertension","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527108885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835153","display_name":"Physical examination","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777075537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929737","display_name":"Liver disease","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779102576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113984","display_name":"Chronic liver disease","level":3,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779075594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8084905","display_name":"Autoimmune disease","level":3,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983449737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Clinical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512861765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359801","display_name":"Liver function tests","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","pdf_url":"https://saudijournals.com/media/articles/SJMPS_124_202-206c.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223883","display_name":"Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","issn_l":"2413-4910","issn":["2413-4910","2413-4929"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2026.v12i04.004","pdf_url":"https://saudijournals.com/media/articles/SJMPS_124_202-206c.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223883","display_name":"Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","issn_l":"2413-4910","issn":["2413-4910","2413-4929"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154368644.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7154368644.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973130325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997971403","https://openalex.org/W7171542792","https://openalex.org/W7171493199","https://openalex.org/W4405457783","https://openalex.org/W2367801859","https://openalex.org/W4382450849","https://openalex.org/W7164190880","https://openalex.org/W4405074717","https://openalex.org/W2362436495","https://openalex.org/W2079483113"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autoimmune":[0,172],"hepatitis":[1,205],"(AIH)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,47,53,58,109,118,220],"chronic":[5,139,204],"inflammatory":[6],"liver":[7],"disease":[8],"characterized":[9],"by":[10,133],"heterogeneous":[11],"clinical,":[12,93,269],"biochemical,":[13,94],"immunological,":[14,95,271],"and":[15,41,72,91,96,117,138,154,162,185,214,227,263,272,280],"histological":[16,97,273],"features,":[17],"which":[18],"may":[19],"make":[20],"its":[21],"diagnosis":[22,113,226,279],"challenging":[23],"in":[24,36,67,79,148,160,181,188,223,244,252],"clinical":[25,250],"practice.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28,56],"aimed":[29],"to":[30,42,64,168,275],"analyze":[31],"the":[32,44,68,126,169,193,225,258,265],"diagnostic":[33,49,259],"difficulties":[34],"encountered":[35],"patients":[37,84,105,183,190],"with":[38,108,235,242,246,248],"suspected":[39,87],"AIH":[40,88,178,187,239,262],"highlight":[43],"role":[45,222],"of":[46,70,83,103,114,150,164,261,267],"comprehensive":[48],"approach.":[50],"We":[51],"conducted":[52],"retrospective":[54],"descriptive":[55],"over":[57],"five-year":[59],"period":[60],"from":[61],"January":[62],"2019":[63],"July":[65],"2025":[66],"Department":[69],"Hepato-Gastroenterology":[71],"Proctology":[73],"at":[74,112],"Ibn":[75],"Sina":[76],"University":[77],"Hospital":[78],"Rabat.":[80],"Clinical":[81],"records":[82],"evaluated":[85],"for":[86],"were":[89,99,106,146,158,198,240],"reviewed,":[90],"demographic,":[92],"data":[98,274],"analyzed.":[100],"A":[101],"total":[102],"24":[104],"included,":[107],"mean":[110],"age":[111],"45.5":[115],"years":[116],"marked":[119],"female":[120],"predominance":[121],"(83.3%).":[122],"Cholestatic":[123],"jaundice":[124],"was":[125,179],"most":[127,253],"common":[128],"presenting":[129],"manifestation":[130],"(45.8%),":[131],"followed":[132],"portal":[134],"hypertension":[135],"syndrome":[136],"(29.2%)":[137],"cytolysis":[140],"(16.7%).":[141],"Elevated":[142],"serum":[143],"IgG":[144],"levels":[145],"observed":[147],"79.2%":[149],"patients.":[151],"Antinuclear":[152],"antibodies":[153,157],"anti\u2013smooth":[155],"muscle":[156],"positive":[159],"75%":[161],"70.8%":[163],"cases,":[165,195],"respectively.":[166],"According":[167],"simplified":[170],"International":[171],"Hepatitis":[173],"Group":[174],"(IAIHG)":[175],"criteria,":[176],"definite":[177],"diagnosed":[180],"11":[182],"(45.8%)":[184],"probable":[186,238],"3":[189],"(12.5%).":[191],"In":[192],"remaining":[194],"alternative":[196,232],"diagnoses":[197],"established,":[199],"including":[200],"primary":[201],"biliary":[202],"cholangitis,":[203],"C,":[206],"metabolic":[207],"dysfunction\u2013associated":[208],"steatohepatitis,":[209],"hepatic":[210],"sarcoidosis,":[211],"drug-induced":[212],"hepatitis,":[213],"cryptogenic":[215],"cirrhosis.":[216],"Histopathological":[217],"examination":[218],"played":[219],"crucial":[221],"confirming":[224],"identifying":[228],"overlap":[229],"syndromes":[230],"or":[231,237],"etiologies.":[233],"Patients":[234],"confirmed":[236],"treated":[241],"corticosteroids":[243],"combination":[245],"azathioprine,":[247],"favorable":[249],"outcomes":[251],"cases.":[254],"These":[255],"findings":[256],"underline":[257],"complexity":[260],"emphasize":[264],"importance":[266],"integrating":[268],"biological,":[270],"establish":[276],"an":[277],"accurate":[278],"guide":[281],"appropriate":[282],"management.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"}
