{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152606348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","title":"Heterogeneous architectures enable a 138 \u00d7 reduction in physical qubit requirements for fault-tolerant quantum computing under detailed accounting","display_name":"Heterogeneous architectures enable a 138 \u00d7 reduction in physical qubit requirements for fault-tolerant quantum computing under detailed accounting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152606348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148121101","display_name":"New Journal of Physics","issn_l":"1367-2630","issn":["1367-2630"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Journal of Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040172106","display_name":"Pranav Mundada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-0724","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-0724"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pranav S Mundada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-0724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065862197","display_name":"Aleksei Khindanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4101-0259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4101-0259"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksei Khindanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133299752","display_name":"Yulun Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081504998","display_name":"Claire Edmunds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-9074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-9074"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire L Edmunds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-9074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133251873","display_name":"Paul Coote","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Coote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004463244","display_name":"Michael J. Biercuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-2580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-2580"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J Biercuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015677258","display_name":"Yuval Baum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-8551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-8551"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Baum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037977638","display_name":"Michael Hush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-9234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-9234"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Q-CTRL"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-9234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Q-CTRL","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040172106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"apc_paid":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"fwci":11.877,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98656011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"11","first_page":"114501","last_page":"114501"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerant-quantum-computation","display_name":"fault-tolerant quantum computing","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-error-correction","display_name":"quantum error correction","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-memory","display_name":"quantum memory","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-processing-units","display_name":"quantum processing units","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-compiler","display_name":"quantum compiler","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-error-rate","display_name":"logical error rate","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qldpc-codes","display_name":"qLDPC codes","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-range-coupling","display_name":"long-range coupling","score":0.8650000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.7605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.756600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.59579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177225278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192674","display_name":"Factoring","level":2,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107598950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259864","display_name":"Microarchitecture","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187834632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804","display_name":"Factorization","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148121101","display_name":"New Journal of Physics","issn_l":"1367-2630","issn":["1367-2630"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Journal of Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2604.06319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06319","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.06319","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bdeadef17596431899454b1c54b535d3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bdeadef17596431899454b1c54b535d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"New Journal of Physics, Vol 28, Iss 11, p 114501 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aeb71b/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148121101","display_name":"New Journal of Physics","issn_l":"1367-2630","issn":["1367-2630"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Journal of Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7152606348.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7152606348.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490521149","https://openalex.org/W1629802966","https://openalex.org/W1660410890","https://openalex.org/W1965850978","https://openalex.org/W1979130667","https://openalex.org/W1985315536","https://openalex.org/W2002147436","https://openalex.org/W2004889297","https://openalex.org/W2008924194","https://openalex.org/W2013754283","https://openalex.org/W2019418813","https://openalex.org/W2030867075","https://openalex.org/W2043500043","https://openalex.org/W2051446825","https://openalex.org/W2055746725","https://openalex.org/W2132764286","https://openalex.org/W2136275504","https://openalex.org/W2610936899","https://openalex.org/W2724166426","https://openalex.org/W2755575243","https://openalex.org/W2801305581","https://openalex.org/W2806224692","https://openalex.org/W2886696706","https://openalex.org/W2917678690","https://openalex.org/W2946582523","https://openalex.org/W2947682895","https://openalex.org/W2952708034","https://openalex.org/W2995267529","https://openalex.org/W3013348036","https://openalex.org/W3046827789","https://openalex.org/W3046950999","https://openalex.org/W3133748920","https://openalex.org/W3160552716","https://openalex.org/W3189895774","https://openalex.org/W4225259930","https://openalex.org/W4240122877","https://openalex.org/W4353055370","https://openalex.org/W4372279155","https://openalex.org/W4386741359","https://openalex.org/W4387156721","https://openalex.org/W4387796886","https://openalex.org/W4389339821","https://openalex.org/W4389363537","https://openalex.org/W4389373471","https://openalex.org/W4389491904","https://openalex.org/W4393234688","https://openalex.org/W4396237843","https://openalex.org/W4396986598","https://openalex.org/W4399170636","https://openalex.org/W4400809495","https://openalex.org/W4400937430","https://openalex.org/W4401418222","https://openalex.org/W4402625405","https://openalex.org/W4402703521","https://openalex.org/W4403663966","https://openalex.org/W4403796010","https://openalex.org/W4404573320","https://openalex.org/W4405183524","https://openalex.org/W4406050104","https://openalex.org/W4406805455","https://openalex.org/W4408902644","https://openalex.org/W4410357503","https://openalex.org/W4412396407","https://openalex.org/W4414457542","https://openalex.org/W4414473421","https://openalex.org/W4414974042","https://openalex.org/W4415135947","https://openalex.org/W4415138593","https://openalex.org/W4415276509","https://openalex.org/W4415287421","https://openalex.org/W4415963278","https://openalex.org/W4416076400","https://openalex.org/W4416186981","https://openalex.org/W4416225780","https://openalex.org/W4416236329","https://openalex.org/W4416445983","https://openalex.org/W4416771180","https://openalex.org/W4416899280","https://openalex.org/W4417174514","https://openalex.org/W7123349134","https://openalex.org/W7124443382","https://openalex.org/W7128807036","https://openalex.org/W7133317196","https://openalex.org/W7147321415","https://openalex.org/W7165026787","https://openalex.org/W7165916623","https://openalex.org/W7202075259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128807036","https://openalex.org/W2236486184","https://openalex.org/W3133748920","https://openalex.org/W7117353907","https://openalex.org/W7153226427","https://openalex.org/W2041206904","https://openalex.org/W7160381005","https://openalex.org/W7140031375","https://openalex.org/W7161376934","https://openalex.org/W7147321415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Quantum":[1],"computer":[2,71],"hardware":[3,61,105],"performance":[4],"and":[5,26,55,66,107,110,155,167,181,187,205,231,266,310,316],"scale":[6,46,198],"have":[7,320],"accelerated":[8],"rapidly":[9],"over":[10],"the":[11,40,124,129,197,249,283,301,317],"past":[12],"few":[13],"years,":[14],"enabling":[15,149],"real":[16,60],"workloads":[17],"to":[18,44,112,128,141,212,223,233,241,273,306],"be":[19,139,271],"run":[20],"using":[21,254,297],"hundreds":[22,32],"of":[23,33,35,175,199,209,218,251,278],"physical":[24,116,264],"qubits,":[25,202],"industry":[27],"roadmaps":[28],"predict":[29],"systems":[30],"with":[31,78],"thousands":[34],"qubits":[36,265,309],"coming":[37],"online":[38],"in":[39,50,134,152,227,237],"next":[41],"decade.":[42],"Moving":[43],"this":[45,89,185],"requires":[47,262],"major":[48],"advances":[49],"quantum":[51,70,100,143,147,178,182,295],"error":[52,230],"correction":[53],"(QEC)":[54],"its":[56],"useful":[57],"integration":[58],"into":[59],"systems.":[62],"Despite":[63],"significant":[64,76],"theoretical":[65],"experimental":[67],"QEC":[68,108],"progress,":[69],"architecture":[72,102,120,186],"has":[73],"suffered":[74],"a":[75,97,169,188,207,215,242],"gap,":[77],"bottom-up":[79],"physical-device-driven":[80],"challenges":[81],"largely":[82],"disconnected":[83],"from":[84,146],"top-down":[85],"QEC-code-driven":[86],"considerations.":[87],"In":[88],"work,":[90],"we":[91,203,319],"unify":[92],"these":[93],"two":[94],"views,":[95],"presenting":[96],"complete":[98],"heterogeneous":[99,324],"computing":[101],"incorporating":[103],"task-specific":[104],"selection":[106,114],"encoding,":[109],"agnostic":[111],"code":[113,156],"or":[115],"qubit":[117,153],"parameters.":[118],"The":[119],"is":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123,332],"observation":[125],"that":[126,323],"due":[127],"lengthy":[130],"idling":[131],"periods":[132],"encountered":[133],"common":[135],"algorithms,":[136],"it":[137],"can":[138,270,327],"advantageous":[140],"separate":[142],"processing":[144,165,179],"operations":[145,220],"memory,":[148],"expanded":[150],"flexibility":[151],"modality":[154],"choice":[157],"between":[158,177],"subsystems.":[159],"Our":[160],"approach":[161],"further":[162],"enables":[163],"special-purpose":[164],"modules,":[166],"includes":[168],"full":[170],"microarchitecture":[171],"for":[172,282,304],"fault-tolerant":[173],"implementation":[174],"interfaces":[176],"units":[180],"memories.":[183],"Using":[184],"new":[189],"fully":[190],"featured":[191],"compiler":[192],"functioning":[193],"across":[194],"subsystems":[195],"at":[196],"1000":[200],"logical":[201,229],"schedule":[204],"orchestrate":[206],"variety":[208],"algorithms":[210],"down":[211],"hardware-specific":[213],"instructions;":[214],"detailed":[216],"accounting":[217],"all":[219],"reveals":[221],"up":[222,232],"551":[224],"\u00d7":[225,235],"reduction":[226,236],"algorithmic":[228],"138":[234],"physical-qubit":[238],"overhead":[239],"compared":[240],"monolithic":[243],"baseline":[244],"architecture.":[245],"We":[246],"then":[247],"consider":[248],"factorization":[250],"2048-bit":[252],"RSA-integers;":[253],"an":[255,279],"experimentally":[256],"demonstrated":[257],"grid-coupling":[258],"topology,":[259],"factoring":[260,305],"RSA-2048":[261],"381k":[263],"9.2":[267],"d,":[268],"which":[269],"reduced":[272],"4.9":[274],"d":[275],"via":[276],"addition":[277],"algorithm-specific":[280],"accelerator":[281],"Adder":[284],"subroutine":[285],"(requiring":[286],"439k":[287],"qubits).":[288],"Finally,":[289],"assuming":[290],"hypothetical":[291],"long-range":[292],"coupling,":[293],"implementing":[294],"memory":[296],"qLDPC":[298],"codes":[299],"reduces":[300],"resources":[302],"required":[303],"just":[307],"190k":[308],"under":[311],"10":[312],"d.":[313],"These":[314],"results":[315],"tooling":[318],"built":[321],"indicate":[322],"quantum-computer":[325],"architectures":[326],"deliver":[328],"significant,":[329],"verifiable":[330],"benefits":[331],"realistic":[333],"hardware.":[334]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}