{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152120988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","title":"Assessment of Difficulty Levels in Understanding Science Among Undergraduate Students Using the Rasch Analysis","display_name":"Assessment of Difficulty Levels in Understanding Science Among Undergraduate Students Using the Rasch Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152120988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407052119","display_name":"UniVlora Scientific Journal","issn_l":"3104-5626","issn":["3104-5626"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"UniVlora Scientific Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019206155","display_name":"Elmira Kushta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130420675","display_name":"University of Vlora \"Ismail Qemali\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05ger6s34","country_code":"AL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130420675"]}],"countries":["AL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elmira Kushta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vlora \"Ismail Qemali\""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vlora \"Ismail Qemali\"","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130420675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133223803","display_name":"Florida Kadena","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68784830","display_name":"University of Tirana","ror":"https://ror.org/03g9v2404","country_code":"AL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68784830"]}],"countries":["AL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florida Kadena","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tirana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tirana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68784830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067427306","display_name":"Dod\u00eb Prenga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7211-9014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7211-9014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68784830","display_name":"University of Tirana","ror":"https://ror.org/03g9v2404","country_code":"AL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68784830"]}],"countries":["AL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dode Prenga","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tirana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tirana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68784830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"132","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.5903000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.5903000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.1931000053882599,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12931","display_name":"Educational Methods and Outcomes","score":0.10369999706745148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/difficulty-levels","display_name":"difficulty levels","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics-education","display_name":"physics education","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/force-concept-inventory","display_name":"Force Concept Inventory","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polytomous-rasch-model","display_name":"polytomous Rasch model","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"mechanics","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-students","display_name":"undergraduate students","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-difficulty","display_name":"item difficulty","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-estimation","display_name":"threshold estimation","score":0.5130000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101266164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131821","display_name":"Rasch model","level":2,"score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207968926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7227107","display_name":"Polytomous Rasch model","level":4,"score":0.8245999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.608299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181447626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224359","display_name":"Differential item functioning","level":4,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1669245","display_name":"Item analysis","level":3,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90697598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3657183","display_name":"Objective test","level":3,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778091340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15749950","display_name":"Quality of Life Research","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55786151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951437","display_name":"Level of measurement","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176730311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867668","display_name":"Multiple choice","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156639949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13362737","display_name":"Item bank","level":4,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407052119","display_name":"UniVlora Scientific Journal","issn_l":"3104-5626","issn":["3104-5626"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"UniVlora Scientific Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.63871/unvl.jsuv1.2.22","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407052119","display_name":"UniVlora Scientific Journal","issn_l":"3104-5626","issn":["3104-5626"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"UniVlora Scientific Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7152120988.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7152120988.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973034659","https://openalex.org/W1974782364","https://openalex.org/W1992325137","https://openalex.org/W2069640374","https://openalex.org/W2154087861","https://openalex.org/W2970722799","https://openalex.org/W4387463988","https://openalex.org/W4391943466","https://openalex.org/W4409460385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7155004019","https://openalex.org/W1979522207","https://openalex.org/W4205564589","https://openalex.org/W4391410547","https://openalex.org/W1970464282","https://openalex.org/W7217147115","https://openalex.org/W4379675336","https://openalex.org/W2889948731","https://openalex.org/W3015880947","https://openalex.org/W2315415798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,134],"assessment":[1],"of":[2,5,32,45,91,110],"students'":[3],"understanding":[4],"the":[6,33,43,56,89,124,130],"difficulty":[7],"levels":[8,109],"in":[9,95],"physics,":[10],"provided":[11],"by":[12,37],"Rasch":[13,132],"analysis,":[14],"is":[15],"carried":[16],"out":[17],"here":[18],"using":[19,129],"two":[20],"different":[21],"tests":[22],"as":[23],"measurement":[24],"tools.":[25],"We":[26],"used":[27],"a":[28,61],"poly":[29],"tomous":[30],"version":[31],"standard":[34],"FCI":[35,63],"test":[36,102],"select":[38],"ing":[39],"items":[40,72,85,104],"that":[41],"maintain":[42],"core":[44],"this":[46,80],"concep":[47],"tual":[48],"inventory.":[49],"To":[50],"do":[51],"this,":[52],"we":[53,82,98],"randomly":[54],"divided":[55],"380":[57],"responses":[58],"collected":[59],"during":[60],"recent":[62],"analysis":[64],"into":[65,73],"five":[66],"groups":[67],"and":[68,138],"then":[69],"restructured":[70],"six":[71,74,108],"separate":[75],"evaluation":[76],"scale":[77],"items.":[78],"At":[79],"stage,":[81],"carefully":[83],"selected":[84],"to":[86,106],"high":[87],"light":[88],"dominance":[90],"one":[92],"common-sense":[93],"error":[94],"mechanics.":[96],"Next,":[97],"created":[99],"our":[100],"own":[101],"with":[103],"designed":[105],"cover":[107],"difficulty,":[111],"al":[112],"ternating":[113],"simpler":[114],"calculation":[115],"steps":[116],"within":[117],"phys":[118],"ics-based":[119],"problems.":[120],"For":[121],"both":[122],"cases,":[123],"threshold":[125],"parameter":[126],"was":[127],"estimated":[128],"polytomous":[131],"model.":[133],"results":[135],"were":[136],"analysed":[137],"dis":[139],"cussed.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-04-09T00:00:00"}
