{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148772175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","title":"Preventive Legislative Approaches to Child Protection in the Digital Environment: A Comparative Study of Australia, France, and Egypt","display_name":"Preventive Legislative Approaches to Child Protection in the Digital Environment: A Comparative Study of Australia, France, and Egypt","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148772175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","pdf_url":"https://juna.nusantarajournal.com/index.php/juna/article/download/222/111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055923","display_name":"Nusantara Journal of Law Studies","issn_l":"2964-3384","issn":["2964-3384"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://juna.nusantarajournal.com/index.php/juna/article/download/222/111","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132849976","display_name":"Tarek El-Sayed Mahmod Abu Okeal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7925-2156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7925-2156"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800838116","display_name":"University of Al Maarif","ror":"https://ror.org/05scxf493","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800838116"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek El-Sayed Mahmod Abu Okeal","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Law, University of Al Maarif, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7925-2156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Law, University of Al Maarif, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800838116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114438879","display_name":"Hisham Al Kasasbeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4389-0675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4389-0675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145019703","display_name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5b0p13","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Alkasasbeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law, Al-Zaytouna University, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4389-0675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law, Al-Zaytouna University, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132853676","display_name":"Hanaa Ibrahiem Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8107-3072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8107-3072"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanaa Ibrahiem Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law, Cairo University, Khartoum Branch, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8107-3072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law, Cairo University, Khartoum Branch, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132903918","display_name":"Salaheldin Ragab Fathelbab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9321-7611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9321-7611"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800838116","display_name":"University of Al Maarif","ror":"https://ror.org/05scxf493","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800838116"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salaheldin Ragab Fathelbab","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Law, University of Al Maarif, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9321-7611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Law, University of Al Maarif, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800838116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.2516,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99710407,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"205","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.7300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.7300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.21529999375343323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14432","display_name":"Freedom of Expression and Defamation","score":0.03449999913573265,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-online-protection","display_name":"child online protection","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preventive-legislation","display_name":"preventive legislation","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-child-sexual-exploitation","display_name":"online child sexual exploitation","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberbullying","display_name":"cyberbullying","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-obligations","display_name":"platform obligations","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-verification","display_name":"age verification","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-moderation","display_name":"content moderation","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-accountability","display_name":"algorithmic accountability","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-literacy","display_name":"digital literacy","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-liability","display_name":"corporate liability","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-consent","display_name":"parental consent","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-rights","display_name":"children's rights","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/egypt","display_name":"Egypt","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/australia","display_name":"Australia","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/france","display_name":"France","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-law","display_name":"comparative law","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-reform","display_name":"legal reform","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5159000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779415726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029430","display_name":"Child protection","level":2,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777154746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660567","display_name":"Child pornography","level":3,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777862431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823701","display_name":"Preventive action","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","pdf_url":"https://juna.nusantarajournal.com/index.php/juna/article/download/222/111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055923","display_name":"Nusantara Journal of Law Studies","issn_l":"2964-3384","issn":["2964-3384"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:juna.nusantarajournal.com:article/222","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://juna.nusantarajournal.com/index.php/juna/article/view/222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055923","display_name":"Nusantara Journal of Law Studies","issn_l":"2964-3384","issn":["2964-3384"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i1.222","pdf_url":"https://juna.nusantarajournal.com/index.php/juna/article/download/222/111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055923","display_name":"Nusantara Journal of Law Studies","issn_l":"2964-3384","issn":["2964-3384"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7148772175.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7148772175.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2805837364","https://openalex.org/W4399288402","https://openalex.org/W4407723333","https://openalex.org/W4409708683","https://openalex.org/W4412736566","https://openalex.org/W4412912185","https://openalex.org/W4415465030","https://openalex.org/W4416260689","https://openalex.org/W4417183617","https://openalex.org/W4417319470","https://openalex.org/W4417469476","https://openalex.org/W7092492525","https://openalex.org/W7117529596","https://openalex.org/W7125657108","https://openalex.org/W7126445287","https://openalex.org/W7128907323"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411652751","https://openalex.org/W7213552201","https://openalex.org/W7170934506","https://openalex.org/W4408106287","https://openalex.org/W7163070123","https://openalex.org/W7169775604","https://openalex.org/W7082441806","https://openalex.org/W7112235290","https://openalex.org/W7214576451","https://openalex.org/W7220342711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,90,116],"rapid":[1],"expansion":[2],"of":[3,24,34,229,265],"the":[4,32,42,75,86,113,202,206,221,263],"digital":[5,20,43,68,142,154,215,242],"environment":[6],"has":[7],"significantly":[8],"increased":[9],"children\u2019s":[10,266],"exposure":[11],"to":[12,57,73,77,157,220],"various":[13],"online":[14],"risks,":[15],"including":[16,144],"sexual":[17],"exploitation,":[18],"cyberbullying,":[19],"extortion,":[21],"and":[22,26,52,65,72,98,108,121,153,167,182,205,209,235],"violations":[23],"privacy":[25],"image":[27],"rights.":[28],"This":[29,217],"study":[30,218],"examines":[31],"effectiveness":[33],"preventive":[35,60,132,183,212,231,255],"legislative":[36,83,232],"frameworks":[37,136],"in":[38,41,49,63,240,268],"protecting":[39],"minors":[40],"sphere":[44],"by":[45,223,236],"comparing":[46],"regulatory":[47,106,198],"approaches":[48],"Australia,":[50],"France,":[51],"Egypt.":[53],"Specifically,":[54],"it":[55],"aims":[56],"analyse":[58],"how":[59],"legal":[61,88,100,192],"models":[62,80],"Australia":[64,120,162],"France":[66,122,172],"address":[67],"harms":[69],"affecting":[70],"children":[71],"evaluate":[74],"extent":[76],"which":[78],"these":[79],"can":[81],"inform":[82],"reform":[84],"within":[85],"Egyptian":[87],"system.":[89],"research":[91],"employs":[92],"a":[93,130,174,253],"qualitative":[94],"approach":[95],"using":[96],"descriptive\u2013analytical":[97],"comparative":[99,227],"methods,":[101],"focusing":[102],"on":[103,141],"statutory":[104],"provisions,":[105],"mechanisms,":[107,170],"institutional":[109],"enforcement":[110],"structures":[111],"across":[112,201],"three":[114],"jurisdictions.":[115],"findings":[117],"reveal":[118],"that":[119],"have":[123],"gradually":[124],"shifted":[125],"from":[126],"reactive":[127],"criminalisation":[128],"toward":[129],"proactive":[131],"governance":[133],"model.":[134],"These":[135],"impose":[137],"legally":[138],"binding":[139],"obligations":[140,213],"platforms,":[143],"age":[145],"verification":[146],"systems,":[147],"algorithmic":[148],"accountability,":[149],"enhanced":[150],"content":[151],"moderation,":[152],"literacy":[155],"initiatives":[156],"strengthen":[158],"child":[159,243],"safety":[160],"online.":[161],"prioritises":[163],"strict":[164],"minimum-age":[165],"requirements":[166],"corporate":[168],"liability":[169],"while":[171],"adopts":[173],"dual-track":[175],"model":[176],"combining":[177],"technological":[178],"verification,":[179],"parental":[180],"consent,":[181],"educational":[184],"policies":[185],"alongside":[186],"criminal":[187],"sanctions.":[188],"In":[189],"contrast,":[190],"Egypt\u2019s":[191,241],"framework":[193,256],"remains":[194],"predominantly":[195],"reactive,":[196],"with":[197,258],"provisions":[199],"dispersed":[200],"Child":[203],"Law":[204],"Cybercrime":[207],"Law,":[208],"lacking":[210],"comprehensive":[211],"for":[214,251],"platforms.":[216],"contributes":[219],"literature":[222],"providing":[224],"an":[225,269],"early":[226],"analysis":[228],"recent":[230],"reforms":[233],"(2024\u20132026)":[234],"identifying":[237],"structural":[238],"gaps":[239],"protection":[244,264],"regime.":[245],"It":[246],"further":[247],"proposes":[248],"policy-oriented":[249],"recommendations":[250],"developing":[252],"modernised":[254],"aligned":[257],"international":[259],"standards,":[260],"thereby":[261],"strengthening":[262],"rights":[267],"increasingly":[270],"digitalised":[271],"society.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-04-04T00:00:00"}
