{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147656131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845","title":"Retracted: Automated Classification of Eye Diseases Using Fine-Tuned EfficientNetB3: A Deep Learning Approach for Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, and Normal Cases","display_name":"Retracted: Automated Classification of Eye Diseases Using Fine-Tuned EfficientNetB3: A Deep Learning Approach for Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, and Normal Cases","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147656131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096225","display_name":"International Conference on Advancement in Futuristic Technologies (ICAFT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 1st International Conference on Advancement in Futuristic Technologies (ICAFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132631824","display_name":"Mukesh Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185249246","display_name":"Central Drug Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04t8qjg16","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185249246","https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185249246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126300099","display_name":"Gaurav Sharma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129773123","display_name":"Bennett University","ror":"https://ror.org/00an5hx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bennett University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bennett University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083958342","display_name":"Ambrish Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-561X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-561X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129773123","display_name":"Bennett University","ror":"https://ror.org/00an5hx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ambrish Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bennett University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bennett University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132626790","display_name":"Kawalpreet","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kawalpreet","raw_affiliation_strings":["CGC University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CGC University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109589549","display_name":"Mohammed Ihsan Habelalmateen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131779051","display_name":"Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wfhkb67","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed I. Habelalmateen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Islamic University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Islamic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019370981","display_name":"Anurag Shrivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-723X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-723X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anurag Shrivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101592954","display_name":"Deepak Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7416-2047","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7416-2047"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81577307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":true,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-disease-classification","display_name":"eye disease classification","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cataract","display_name":"cataract","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"glaucoma","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-images","display_name":"fundus images","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficientnet-b3","display_name":"EfficientNetB3","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-augmentation","display_name":"data augmentation","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retracted-article","display_name":"retracted article","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icaft66710.2025.11452845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407096225","display_name":"International Conference on Advancement in Futuristic Technologies (ICAFT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 1st International Conference on Advancement in Futuristic Technologies (ICAFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604671759","https://openalex.org/W1841361427","https://openalex.org/W2944848758","https://openalex.org/W3195179567","https://openalex.org/W4200342246","https://openalex.org/W4387743831","https://openalex.org/W4390550826","https://openalex.org/W4390551648","https://openalex.org/W4392062993","https://openalex.org/W4399259118","https://openalex.org/W4404235760","https://openalex.org/W4405405470","https://openalex.org/W4406263648","https://openalex.org/W4406524195","https://openalex.org/W4406613580","https://openalex.org/W4409310674","https://openalex.org/W4410809841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408017913","https://openalex.org/W4412404343","https://openalex.org/W4417405006","https://openalex.org/W4409310674","https://openalex.org/W7123664821","https://openalex.org/W4413306422","https://openalex.org/W7202185965","https://openalex.org/W4405716736","https://openalex.org/W7167515796","https://openalex.org/W4416103993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"diagnosis":[1],"of":[2,13,45,115,127,176],"eye":[3,28,180],"diseases":[4],"provides":[5],"quick":[6],"treatment":[7],"availability":[8],"as":[9,11],"well":[10],"prevention":[12],"sight":[14],"loss.":[15],"This":[16],"work":[17,172],"proposes":[18],"a":[19,42,69],"deep":[20],"learning-based":[21],"classification":[22],"system":[23],"automatically":[24],"recognizing":[25],"four":[26],"common":[27],"diseases:":[29],"cataract,":[30],"diabetic":[31,102],"retinopathy,":[32],"glaucoma,":[33],"and":[34,50,63,105,136,148,186],"normal":[35],"eyes":[36],"using":[37],"the":[38,58,108,118,125,128,137,174],"EfficientNetB3":[39,177],"model.":[40],"On":[41],"labelled":[43],"dataset":[44],"fundus":[46],"images,":[47],"advanced":[48],"preprocessing":[49],"data":[51],"augmentation":[52],"techniques":[53],"were":[54],"applied":[55],"to":[56,60,134,183],"change":[57],"model":[59,110,129],"increase":[61],"generality":[62],"performance.":[64],"The":[65,143],"design":[66],"consists":[67],"in":[68,130,152,161,167,178],"Custom":[70],"Classification":[71],"Head":[72],"with":[73,81,91,158],"Global":[74],"Average":[75],"Pooling":[76],"2D":[77],"layer,":[78],"Dense":[79,89],"layer":[80,85,90],"ReLU":[82],"activation,":[83],"Dropout":[84],"for":[86,94,101,139,150],"regularity,":[87],"final":[88],"softmax":[92],"activation":[93],"multiclass":[95],"prediction.":[96],"With":[97],"fairly":[98],"strong":[99],"F1-scores":[100],"retinopathy":[103],"(0.99)":[104],"cataract":[106],"(0.96),":[107],"suggested":[109],"showed":[111],"an":[112],"overall":[113],"accuracy":[114,166],"94%":[116],"on":[117],"test":[119],"set.":[120],"These":[121],"findings":[122],"show":[123],"both":[124],"efficacy":[126],"identifying":[131],"traits":[132],"unique":[133],"illnesses":[135],"viability":[138],"real-time":[140],"clinical":[141],"application.":[142],"approach":[144],"displays":[145],"amazing":[146],"dependability":[147],"scalability":[149],"use":[151,175],"resource-":[153],"restricted":[154],"healthcare":[155],"environments":[156],"even":[157],"small":[159],"misclassifications":[160],"glaucoma":[162],"cases.":[163],"Emphasizing":[164],"its":[165],"medical":[168],"picture":[169],"classification,":[170],"our":[171],"supports":[173],"automated":[179],"disease":[181],"screening":[182],"help":[184],"ophthalmologists":[185],"improve":[187],"patient":[188],"care.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}